1. History of Plant Tissue Culture
Knop:
Knop’s solution, inorganic salt nutrition

2. 1902 Haberlandt (Austria):
Cultivate isolated plant cells in vitro on an artificial medium
Concept of “ Totipotency ”
Plants can be separated into their component parts ( organs, tissues, or cells ), which can be manipulated in vitro and then grown back to complete plants.
Father of Plant Tissue Culture
1922 Kotte (student of Haberlandt):
Improve medium : sugar,
Organic N-compounds

3. Robbins (USA) :
Root tip culture - Pisum , Zea , and Gossypium
First success of culturing plant tissue in vitro
1923 Robbins & Maneval:
Maintained maize roots for 20 weeks with the aid of
subcultures
1926 Went:
Discovery of auxin
1933 Kogl, Haagen-Smit & Erxleben :
Isolation of IAA (indo-3-acetic acid)

4. Gautheret 1932 Gautheret : Root tip & root fragment culture Gautheret:
Cambium culture ( woody plant )  
It can be maintained several months
IAA promotes root growth  
1939 Gautheret:
Carrot explants develop to
undifferentiated mass (callus) and it
  can be maintained by repeated
subculture

5. White 1934 Indefinite culture of isolated roots
1932 Root tip culture - Triticum
1934 Indefinite culture of isolated roots
Tomato - subculture / 7 days
passages
Importance of vitamin B complex in root culture ( use yeast extract )
1939 Procambial tissue culture  callus ( Nicotiana ) from small leaf and shoot
1942 Tumor culture  callus without hormone  
White

6. Steward ＊ Prove the concept of totipotency Steward: Carrot culture :
Quantitative analysis of culture growth
  Discovered embryogenesis in vitro
Steward & Shantz (in Cornell):
  Carrot root phloem in liquid medium
 single cell suspension
1958 Whole plant
＊ Prove the concept of totipotency

7. Carrot plants from root cells
(Stewart, 1964)

8. First virus-free plant through shoot tips culture ( Dahlia )
1952 Morel & Martin:
First virus-free plant through
shoot tips culture ( Dahlia )
1960 Shoot tip culture of Cymbidium
＊ Propagation many plants from one plant

9. 1954 Muir, Hildebrandt & Riker (in Wisconsin) :
  Suspension culture by reciprocal shaker ( Nicotiana )
Single cell clone by nurse cell culture method

10. 1955 Miller and Skoog  
Discovery of kinetin
(the first cytokinin)
Tobacco culture --->
bud formation
1957 Skoog & Miller :  
＊ auxin / cytokinin balance
in root or shoot formation
high kinetin ---> shoot
high auxin ---> root

11. Auxin / Cytokinin balance

12. 1956 Nickell (Chas, Pfizer & Co. N.Y.):
Single cell suspension culture of Phaseolus vulgaris 
＊ Idea of producing plant alkaloids from tissue culture
1957 Tulecke : Pollen culture of Ginkgo biloba  
1960 Bergmenn : Plating culture
   Nicotiana tobacum & Phaseolus vulgaris
  Single cell suspension culture
  --> plating in 0.6% agar medium, thin layer in petri dish
  --> cell divided to form colony

13. Enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast
Cocking : (UK)
Enzymatic isolation and
culture of protoplast   

14. Micropropagation 1962 Murashige & Skoog : Tobacco tissue culture
  Mineral media:
1. Macro element
2. Micro element included Fe
3. Vitamin
Micropropagation
＊ Development of MS medium

15. Tobacco plants from single cells (Vasil & Hilderbrandt, 1965)

16. Guha & Maheshwari : (India) Anther culture ---> haploid plant
  ( Datura )
＊ One pollen grain ---> one plant
Niizeki & Oono : (Japan)
Haploid plant of rice
＊ Started for plant breeding

17. Nagata & Takebe : (Japan) Plant regeneration from tobacco protoplast
Nagata & Takebe : (Japan)
Plant regeneration from
tobacco protoplast   
Carlson :
Somatic hybrid plant
from protoplst fusion   
Nicotiana glauca + N. langsdorffii
( 2n = 24 ) ( 2n = 18 )
Somatic hybrid  
(2n = 42 )  

18. Continue ………………… 1974: Zaenen (Ghent University, Belgium)
Discovery of Ti plasmid in Agrobacterium tumefaciens
s: Nester (USA), van Montago (Ghent Univ., Belgium)
Ti plasmid analysis
1983: van Montago, Ghent University, Belgium)
First transgenic plant.
1985: Monsanto (USA)
Leaf disk transformation method (Monsanto)