1. Chapter 10 Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Table of Contents
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Section 2 DNA Structure
Section 3 DNA Replication
Section 4 Protein Synthesis

2. Chapter 10
DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Standards
SPI Identify the structure and function of DNA.
SPI Associate the process of DNA replication with its biological significance.
SPI Recognize the interactions between DNA and RNA during protein synthesis.

3. Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Objectives
Relate how Fred Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation.
Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group to conclude that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria.
Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule in viruses.

4. Griffith’s Experiments
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Griffith’s Experiments
Griffith’s experiments showed that hereditary material can pass from one bacterial cell to another.
The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism is called transformation.

5. Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation

6. Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Transformation
Visual Concept

7. Chapter 10 Avery’s Experiments
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Avery’s Experiments
Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary material that transfers information between bacterial cells. #

8. Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Hershey-Chase Experiment
Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not protein, is the hereditary material.

9. The Hershey-Chase Experiment
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
The Hershey-Chase Experiment

10. Hershey and Chase’s Experiments
Section 1 Discovery of DNA
Chapter 10
Hershey and Chase’s Experiments
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

11. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Objectives
Evaluate the contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure.
Describe the three parts of a nucleotide.
Summarize the role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA.
Relate the role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA.

12. Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Double Helix
Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.

13. Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Possible issues?

14. Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Double Helix
DNA is made of two nucleotide strands that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix.

15. DNA Double Helix, continued
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Double Helix, continued
A DNA nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).

16. DNA Nucleotides, continued
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
DNA Nucleotides, continued
Bonds Hold DNA Together
Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by covalent bonds.
Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds.

17. Chapter 10 Complementary Bases
Section 2 DNA Structure
Chapter 10
Complementary Bases
Hydrogen bonding between the complementary base pairs, G-C and A-T, holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together.

18. Chapter 10 Objectives Section 3 DNA Replication
Summarize the process of DNA replication.
Identify the role of enzymes in the replication of DNA.
Describe how complementary base pairing guides DNA replication.
Compare the number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication.
Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.

19. How DNA Replication Occurs
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs
DNA replication is the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides.

20. How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
Steps of DNA Replication
Replication begins with the separation of the DNA strands by helicases.
Then, DNA polymerases form new strands by adding complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands.

21. DNA Replication Visual Concept:
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Replication Visual Concept:

22. How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
How DNA Replication Occurs, continued
Each new DNA molecule is made of one strand of nucleotides from the original DNA molecule and one new strand. This is called semi-conservative replication.

23. Chapter 10 Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication

24. DNA Errors in Replication
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Errors in Replication
Changes in DNA are called mutations.
DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors.

25. DNA Errors in Replication, continued
Section 3 DNA Replication
Chapter 10
DNA Errors in Replication, continued
DNA Replication and Cancer
Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.

26. Chapter 10 Objectives Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein.
Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
Describe the importance of the genetic code.
Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA,and tRNA in translation.
Identify the importance of learning about the human genome.

27. Flow of Genetic Information
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Flow of Genetic Information
The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as DNA RNA protein.

28. 10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA, like DNA, consists of long chains of nucleotides.
Three differences between DNA and RNA
- the sugar is ribose
- single stranded
- contains uracil instead of thymine
*base pairings are A-U and C-G

29. RNA Structure and Function
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function
RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil in place of thymine.
RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.

30. Chapter 10 Comparing DNA and RNA Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

31. RNA Structure and Function, continued
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function, continued
Types of RNA
Cells have three major types of RNA:
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

32. RNA Structure and Function, continued
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
RNA Structure and Function, continued
mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol.
rRNA is the major component of ribosomes.
tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides.

33. 10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis

34. Chapter 10 10-4 Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Single, uncoiled, straight strand of nucleic acid
Found in the nucleus & cytoplasm
Copies DNA’s instructions & carries them to the ribosomes where proteins can be made
mRNA’s base sequence is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein
Three consecutive bases on mRNA called a codon (e.g. UAA, CGC, AGU)
Reusable

35. 10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Ribosome
Ribosomal RNA

36. Chapter 10 10-4 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Globular shape
Helps make up the structure of the ribosomes  
Ribosomes are the site of translation (making polypeptides)
rRNA & protein make up the large
& small subunits of ribosomes

37. 10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Amino acid

38. Chapter 10 10-4 Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Single stranded molecule containing 80 nucleotides in the shape of a cloverleaf/hairpin
- Carries amino acids in the cytoplasm to ribosomes for protein assembly
Three bases on tRNA that are complementary
to a codon on mRNA are called anticodons (e.g. codon- UUA; anticodon- AAU)
- Amino Acid attachment site
across from anticodon site on tRNA
-Enters a ribosome & reads mRNA
codons and links together correct
sequence of amino acids to make
a protein
-Reusable  

39. Chapter 10 10-4 Transcription RNA polymerase DNA RNA
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
RNA polymerase
DNA
RNA

40. Chapter 10 10-4 Transcription
Transcription: the copying of the DNA into a complementary strand of RNA
- uses the enzyme RNA polymerase
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.
The enzyme binds to the region DNA known as the promoter region.

41. Chapter 10 10-4 Transcription
DNA helicase (enzyme) uncoils the DNA molecule
RNA polymerase  (enzyme) binds to a region of DNA called the promoter which has the start codon AUG to code for the amino acid methionine
Promoters mark the beginning of a DNA chain in prokaryotes, but mark the beginning of 1 to several related genes in eukaryotes
The 2 DNA strands separate, but only one will serve as the template & be copied
Free nucleotides are joined to the template by RNA polymerase in the 5’ to 3’ direction to form the mRNA strand
mRNA sequence is built until the enzyme reaches an area on DNA called the termination signal
RNA polymerase breaks loose from DNA and the newly made mRNA
Eukaryotic mRNA is modified (unneeded sections snipped out by enzymes & rejoined) before leaving the nucleus through nuclear pores, but prokaryotic RNA is not
All 3 types of RNA called transcripts are produced by this method

42. 10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA Editing
Before it leaves the nucleus, RNA is edited. Splicing occurs by removing introns and fusing exons together.

43. 10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis
Transcription – Processing of Gene Information
The Genetic Code
The genetic code is read in three letter segments called codons.
There are 64 different codon possibilities that code for only 20 amino acids
-AUG is the start codon
-there are 3 stop codons-
UAA, UAG, UGA

44. 10-4 RNA and Protein Synthesis

45. Chapter 10
10-4 Translation
Translation: the decoding of mRNA into an amino acid sequence
During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins
- anticodon: the three letter sequence on tRNA that binds with mRNA

46. Chapter 10
10-4 Translation
mRNA brings the copied DNA code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
mRNA attaches to one end of a ribosome; called initiation
tRNAs attach the correct amino acid floating in the cytoplasm to themselves
tRNA with its attached amino acid has 2 binding sites where they join the ribosome
The tRNA anticodon “reads” & temporarily attaches to the mRNA codon in the ribosome
Two amino acids at a time are linked together by peptide bonds to make polypeptide -chains (protein subunits); called elongation
Ribosomes) move along the mRNA strand until they reach a stop codon (UAA, UGA, or UAG); called termination
8. tRNA’s break loose from amino acid, leave the ribosome, & return to
cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid

47. Chapter 10
Lysine
tRNA
mRNA
Translation direction
Ribosome

48. Chapter 10
10-4 Translation
Polypeptide
Ribosome
tRNA
mRNA

49. Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis

50. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Types of RNA
Visual Concept

51. Chapter 10 Transcription
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Transcription
During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA.

52. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Transcription

53. Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Genetic Code
The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three-nucleotide mRNA codon.

54. Chapter 10 Translation Steps of Translation
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation
Steps of Translation
During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA.
As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

55. Translation: Assembling Proteins Video
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
Translation: Assembling Proteins Video

56. Chapter 10 The Human Genome
Section 4 Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10
The Human Genome
The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the complete genetic content, is now known.
To learn where and when human cells use each of the proteins coded for in the approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome will take much more analysis.

57. Chapter 10
Section 4 Protein Synthesis