1. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at Simulation as a tool in GI Science Sandbox Geography continued … Florian Twaroch Annual Scientific Meeting – GeoGERAS 2005 Pernegg, Austria Institute for Geoinformation & Cartography 27 th – 28 th June 2005

2. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at Motivation Background Hypothesis Method Conclusion Overview ● Motivation ● Background - Literature ● Hypothesis ● Methodology – How to organize knowledge of the world – How to change the knowledge ● Conclusions

3. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundBackground HypothesisMethodConclusion Example for experiment ● Hidden object experiments [Baillargeon 2003] – Confront child with real and „magic“ event – Independent observer records ● Reaction time ● Reaction behavior ● Preferential looking studies ● Predictive action studies http://www.psych.uiuc.edu/~rbaillar/ICL/welcome.html

4. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundBackground HypothesisMethodConclusion Developmental Psychology & AI (Mareschal 2001) Nativism Empiricism symbolic sub-symbolic

5. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundBackground HypothesisMethodConclusion Theory ● Theory theory: “Infants learn about the world by forming and revising theories. Their conceptual development is theory formation and change, their semantic development is theory dependent.” ● Development is driven by three forces – Innate knowledge – Powerful learning abilities – Unconcious tuition from adults (Meltzoff & Gopnik 2002)

6. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisHypothesis MethodConclusion Hypothesis Theories of space can be described by a set of axioms. It is possible to revise such a theory by adding, deleting or exchanging axioms.

7. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion

8. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Graphical Models ● Graphical models are graphs in which nodes represent random variables. ● A Bayesian Network is kind of directed graphical model, which takes into account the directionality of the arcs. (arrows between nodes) ● Advantage of a directed graphical model is that one can regard an arc from A to B as indicating that A ``causes'' B.. ● Models how beliefs change in the light of new evidence AB

9. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion Stochastic Modelling ● P 1 (sunrise) = 0.5P 1 (no sunrise) = 0.5 ● P 2 (sunrise) = 0.66P 2 (no sunrise) = 0.33 ● P 100 (sunrise) = 0.98 P 100 (no sunrise) = 0.02

10. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion

11. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion

12. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodMethod Conclusion

13. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodConclusionConclusion Conclusion ● The big question is how to connect the simple parts of object ontologies. ● Stochastic methods are a step towards linking them. ● Agent based simulations help to get sound theories in developmental psychology. ● Psychology serves as an input for new computational models in other disciplinces.

14. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodConclusionConclusion To be continued …

15. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodConclusionConclusion

16. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodConclusionConclusion Agent Based Approach ● Modular: A modular agent that observes a simple toy world. ● Hierarchical: The agents knowledge is structured hierarchically. ● Dynamic: Exchange of Axioms leads to new knowledge. ● Action driven: The acting of the agent in the world elicits changes in the model.

17. Florian Twaroch Department of Geoinformation and Cartography, TU Vienna twaroch@geoinfo.tuwien.ac.at MotivationBackgroundHypothesisMethodConclusionConclusion Concepts of the world