1. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 4 Properties of Steam and Steam Generators

2. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Formation of Steam at Constant Pressure P triple = 0.006112 bar, T triple =273.16°C

3. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. P–V Diagram, T–s Diagram, h–s Diagram and P–s Diagram

4. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

5. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Steam Generation Enthalpy Change in Generation of Steam from 0°C at 0°C 0°C to Saturation Temperature Wet Steam: Wet steam contains partly water as suspended in it and partly steam

6. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Dryness Fraction: Dryness fraction is defined as the mass of dry steam per kg of wet steam. It is represented by x. Enthalpy Specific Volume Internal Energy Entropy of Water

7. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Entropy of Steam

8. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Throttling Calorimeter

9. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

10. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Separating and Throttling Calorimeter

11. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

12. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Mollier Diagram or h–S Chart

13. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Steam Generators/Boilers “A combination of apparatus for producing, furnishing or recovering heat together with apparatus for transferring the heat so made available to water which would be heated and vaporized to steam form” (ASME). Basis for classification of boilers o Contents inside the tube o Firing system o Position of drum o Pressure o Nature of water circulation

14. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Water Tube and Fire Tube Boilers

15. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Requirements of a Good Boiler Low cost of installation, operation and maintenance Easy maintenance High efficiency Safety High transportability High steam production rate Good quality of steam Quick steam generation capacity Meeting fluctuating demand of steam

16. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Cochran Boiler

17. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Babcock and Wilcox Boiler

18. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Locomotive Boiler

19. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Lancashire Boiler

20. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.

21. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Boiler Mountings Safety valve Water level indicator Pressure gauge Fusible plug Steam stop valve Feed check valve Blow-off cock Man and mud hole

22. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Safety Valves

23. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Sprint Loaded Safety Valve Lever Safety Valve

24. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. High Steam Low Water Safety Valve

25. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Water Level Indicator

26. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Pressure Gauge

27. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Feed Check Valve

28. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Steam Stop Valve

29. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Blow-off Cock

30. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Fusible Plug

31. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Boiler Accessories Economiser Air preheater Super heater Steam trap Steam separator Injector

32. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Economiser

33. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Air Preheater

34. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Superheater

35. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Injector

36. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Steam Separator

37. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Pressure Reducing Valve

38. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Performance of Boilers Evaporation Rate: It is steam generation rate of boilers which may be expressed in terms of kg of steam per unit heating surface area or kg of steam per cubic metre of furnace volume or kg of steam per kg fuel burnt. Equivalent Evaporation: It is equivalent of evaporation of 1 kg of water at 100°C to dry and saturated steam at 100°C, standard atmospheric pressure of 1.013 bar. Hence, the equivalent evaporation of 1 kg of water at 100°C needs 2,257 kJ. Factor of Evaporation: It is ratio of heat absorbed by 1 kg of feed water under working conditions to latent heat of steam at atmospheric pressure.

39. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Boiler Efficiency: It is ratio of heat absorbed by water in boiler to heat supplied to boiler per unit time.

40. Basic Mechanical Engineering, First Edition by Dr Pravin Kumar Copyright © 2013 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Thank You.