1. APPLICATION PERFORMANCE AND FLEXIBILITY ON EXOKERNEL SYSTEMS M. F. Kaashoek, D. R. Engler, G. R. Ganger H. M. Briceño, R. Hunt, D. Mazières, T. Pinckney, R. Grimm, J. Jannotti and K. Mackenzie M.I.T. Laboratory for Computer Science

2. Introduction In most operating systems only privileged servers and the kernel can manage system resources –User interface must anticipate all application needs The exokernel architecture delegates resource management to user applications. Applications that do not want this responsibility communicate with the exokernel through libOSes.

3. Conventional OS user interface User process Kernel protects and manages all the system resources User process System calls

4. Exokernels (I) Exokernel protects but does not manage system resources User process

5. Exokernels (II) User processes manage their own resources –Take over tasks previously done by the kernel (file system buffering, virtual memory, …) Kernel still responsible for protection Requires a more complex and more powerful user-kernel interface

6. Advantages and Disadvantages User applications can often manage their resources better than the kernel –They know—or should know—better how they will use each individual resource Most user applications would still prefer to let the kernel handle resource allocation for them –Do you want to do your own paging in all your programs?

7. LibOSes (I) User-level library of functions emulating conventional system call interface –Manages resources for applications that do not want to do it themselves Can have different libOSes coexisting on the top of same exokernel –Allows system to emulate behaviors of several conventional operating systems

8. LibOSes (II) Exokernel User process libOS User process libOS

9. LibOSes (III) Same interface between application and libOS as between application and a conventional kernel libOS runs as part of application –Cannot be trusted by the kernel or other user processes

10. Previous Work Other techniques to provide extensible systems or to give applications more control over their resources include: –Some newer microkernels (SPACE) –Virtual machines –Allowing applications to download code into the kernel (SPIN, Vino) – User-level networking –Application-controlled virtual memory.

11. Five Principles  Separate protection and management.  Letting applications allocate resources explicitly.  Using physical names whenever possible.  Expose revocation: let applications choose which instance of a resource to give up.  Expose all kernel information.

12. Three Design Techniques Xok performs access control on all resources in a uniform manner. Software abstractions bind hardware resources together, like, disk blocks and the memory pages caching them Some Xok abstractions let applications download code into the kernel to achieve a f iner grain of protection: –For validating file update times in a file system

13. Protected Sharing (I) Four mechanisms: – software regions : areas of memory that can only be accessed through system calls –on-the-fly_creation of hierarchically named capabilities – wake-up predicates : wake up processes when arbitrary conditions become true –robust critical sections : implemented by disabling software interrupts

14. Protected Sharing (II) Three level of trust: –mutual trust (common case) –unidirectional trust –mutual distrust (very infrequent) Several library files systems can safely share the same disk

15. An Example: The File System Most file system functions are left to untrusted library file systems (libFSes) –Will share access to the stable storage (disk) –Can define new file types with arbitrary metadata formats Problem is to give maximum of flexibility to these libFses while protecting files from unauthorized accesses

16. Four requirements Creating new file formats should not require any special privilege libFSes should be able to safely share blocks at the raw disk block level Storage system should be efficient Storage system should facilitate cache sharing among distinct libFses

17. The Solution: XN (I) Provides access to stable storage at the level of disk blocks Exports a buffer cache registry (contains only metadata) Main problem is to decide when to allow or disallow access to a specific block –Difficult problem because each libFS may use different metadata

18. The Solution: XN (II) XN uses UDF ( untrusted deterministic functions ) –Specific to a user-defined metadata type – own-udf T (m) returns set of blocks to which instance m of metadata type T point to –Stored in templates (one per file type ) –Cannot be changed after they are specified

19. XN Security Issues XN uses secure bindings : –Access checks are done once at bind time not at each access time Individual disk blocks are protected through UDFs and libFS’s own metadata –Keeps exokernel simple

20. XN Consistency Issues XN has an in-kernel system-wide cache registry –Maps cached disk blocks to the physical pages holding them –Guarantees that same block cannot be cached in two different physical pages by two different libFSes XN also ensures safe ordering of disk updates (more about it later)

21. Xok Runs on Inter x86-based computers –Since TLB misses are handled by hardware, cannot change the page table structure. Xok exposes –The capabilities of the hardware (like all MMU protection bits) –Many kernel data structures (like free lists and inverse page mappings) Paging is handled by applications.

22. ExOS 1.0 libOS that supports most 4.4 BSD abstractions Runs many unmodified UNIX applications: –Most shells and utilities, many networking applications. –see page 10

23. Some Lessons It is a good idea to expose kernel data structures –Leads to much better performance Libraries are simpler than kernels Exokernel interface design is not simple Self-paging is difficult to implement, especially in libOSes Downloading is powerful