1. Some Thoughts on HPC in Natural Language Engineering Steven Bird University of Melbourne & University of Pennsylvania

2. Sponsorship Natural Language Engineering: Integrating Parallel and Parametric Processing Victorian Partnership for Advanced Computing Expertise Grant EPPNME092.2003

3. NLE Application Areas  Information Extraction  Information Retrieval  Authoring Tools  Language Analysis  Language Understanding  Knowledge Representation  Knowledge Discovery  Spoken Language Input  Written Language Input  Natural Language Generation  Spoken Output  Multilinguality  Multimodality  Discourse and Dialogue  Spoken dialogue systems  Cross-language information retrieval  Word-sense disambiguation  Multi-document summarisation  Natural language database interfaces

4. Some NLE Applications in detail Information extraction from broadcast news  Tokenization, alignment, entity detection, coreference resolution, semantic mapping Spoken language dialogue systems (SLDS)  Speech recognition, parsing, user modelling, discourse management, generation, synthesis Language analysis  Interlinear text annotation, lexicon development, morphosyntactic grammar development

5. Meta Activities Discovery  What tools work with data in format X?  What lexical resources exist for language Y? Reuse  Diverse implementation frameworks  Component integration, wrapping, etc Training and evaluation  Parametric and parallel processing  Comparing systems running on the same data  Gold standard vs theory comparison  Analyzing interaction logs

6. Learn about NLE This department hosts a mirror of the ACL digital anthology 50k pages, 40 years http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/acl/

7. SLDS Architecture

8. SLDS Components

9. Another SLDS Architecture

10. Observations Common components, different arrangements  Multiple components for doing the same task Most NLE components convert between information types  Parser: from strings to trees  ASR: from speech to text  Summariser: from text to selected text But:  Many processes benefit from other information sources (e.g. exploiting intonation in input)  Input and output can be aligned  Solution: multilayer annotations

11. Multilayer annotations

12. Multilayer Annotations

13. Annotation Graphs Labelled digraphs with timestamped nodes

14. Annotation Graphs: complex example AGTK: Annotation Graph Toolkit  library, applications  agtk.sourceforge.net

15. NLE and Grids NLE Applications  typically constructed out of numerous components  each component responsible for a specialised task  executed against large data sets To use grids in NLE:  subscribe to a model which allows automated discovery of data and components  flexible design of applications, coordination of execution, storage of results Ideally:  view grid as a commodity, hidden from application developers

16. Architectural Components Data  Language resources for analysis  E.g. Switchboard, 2400 annotated telephone conversations (26 CDs) Software Components  minimal individual functional units e.g. Annotation Server, Alignment, ASR, Data Source Packaging, Format Conversion, Text Annotation, Lexicon Server, Semantic Mapping  common interface specification Metadata Repositories  Dublin Core Application Profile for NLE resources Application  data + components + processing instructions  declarative specification in XML Grid Service  computational and storage resources for application execution

17. Architecture

18. Conclusion Natural Language Engineering  interesting test case for grid services  many mature component technologies  applications that are both data and processor intensive  applications for building the multilingual information society of the future...