1. Effects of Kobe Buildings collapsed Disruption of communications Roads collapsed Large amounts of people killed (explain how they are killed) Fires from gas escaping Water pipes fractured Spread of disease Large economic cost of rebuilding

2. Why do people live in such areas? Pressure on land e.g. Japan Jobs and family are local Pleasant climate e.g. California Fertile soils in volcanic areas People think it will not happen to them Tourism e.g. Mount Etna People have lived there all their lives, etc Minerals can be found

3. Effects of Volcanic Eruption Loss of life Destruction of local flora and fauna Communications destroyed Roads destroyed Property destroyed (Fires and weight of ash) Businesses lost Rise in temperature of local rivers and lakes - kills fish

4. Flooding Loss of life Homes destroyed Businesses destroyed Animals killed Loss of tourism in the area Economic costs Disruption to communication Disease can be spread

5. Reasons for Flooding - Lyn Lots of precipitation Steep valleys Impermeable rocks and soils became saturated Lots of tributaries (two rivers meet at Lynmouth) Very few trees in area to absorb water People had changed course of river and built small bridges (trapped boulders + trees)

6. Reducing Flooding Created levees Made the river straighter Built dams to control flow of water Have spillways Afforestation (planting trees) Dredged river Have flooding warning systems

7. Barton on Sea Groynes to reduce longshore drift Boulders on beach to reduce energy of waves Gabions Rip rap Sea wall Planting trees to make cliff more stable Reducing water in cliff (drainage system using pipes) Steel sheets in sand

8. Why reduce erosion? Loss of property and farmland Disruption to roads and railway line Disruption of coastal paths Loss of business and tourism to area Possible loss of flora and fauna in area Economic cost of erosion

9. Why sparsely populated? Hot climate Poor soils - difficult to grow crops Lack of water Poor communication Lack of raw materials, etc. Example – Sahara Desert

10. Densely Populated - London Flat Land Fertile Soil River Thames Communication with Europe Jobs Very important city – Pull Factors of City

11. Problems in Cities e.g.London High crime rate Poor housing Congestion Areas of industrial waste Pollution, etc.

12. What has been done to improve problems? Older housing knocked down Old industry removed Built more parks, etc. Repaired some houses e.g. new windows and doors Planted trees Improved dock areas e.g. Cardiff and Bristol

13. How to reduce traffic problems? Park and Ride Schemes Built a by-pass Pedestrianise some streets Banning heavy lorries Make public transport more attractive e.g. cheaper, more frequent and safer Bus lanes and bicycle lanes Traffic management systems e.g. change amount of lanes going in and out of city during peak times

14. Advantages of out of town shopping Cheap Land Accessible All weather shopping Room for expansion Better parking Better choice of shops Better facilities e.g. toilets Secure - Security staff available

15. Causes of Pollution in North Sea Industrial waste Agricultural waste (fertiliser and pesticides) Raw sewage Oil pollution Nuclear waste Burning waste at sea Atmospheric pollution General waste

16. Effects of Pollution Death of birds and other sea life e.g. dolphins Unpleasant to look at and swim More algae in water, they use up oxygen Tourism trade can be badly affected Stomach upsets and skin problems for swimmers Oil on beach Chemicals enter food chain

17. To control Tourism in National Park - Peak District Manage tourists Park and ride schemes Improve footpaths Improve public transport Control movement of people More bins and signposts Control activities in certain areas Fence off fragile areas * Peak District could also be used as an example of honeypot

18. Extraction of raw materials - Limestone Quarrying in Peak District Benefits: Jobs and positive multiplier effect in area Young people can stay in area for a job Area can be landscaped after closure e.g. park or water sports area Problems: Visual pollution, noise pollution and air pollution Dust in air - Problems with health and dirt on washing Congestion and mud on local roads Loss of local flora and fauna Potential danger to children

19. Location of manufacturing industry - Toyota Factory (Derby) Location Factors: Good Communications (Near motorway and airport) Flat land Room for expansion Labour force Good labour relations Pleasant environment Government incentives (Money, cheap land and building of factory)

20. Industrial Change - Coal mining in South Wales Learn mutiplier effect with the loss of jobs Problems include: Loss of jobs in area People move away (especially younger people) Increase in crime Health problems Property value decreases Family problems (marriage) Local shops close Loss of community feeling within area Old industry can leave 'scar' on landscape