1. Lawns, Lakes, and Laws

2. Phosphorus the element Phosphorus and plants and soil Phosphorus and lakes Sources of urban phosphorus runoff Controlling phosphorus runoff

4. Phosphorus “P” Needed plant nutrient Most rare of the major “life building blocks” (C, H, O, N, P, S) Most rare of the major “life building blocks” (C, H, O, N, P, S) 75% of nation’s use is mined in Florida 75% of nation’s use is mined in Florida

5. Phosphate PO 4 Phosphorus is highly reactive Does not exist as an element in nature Does not exist as an element in nature Combines with oxygen to form phosphate Combines with oxygen to form phosphate

6. Phosphorus and plants Function:Energy transfer and cell division Function: Energy transfer and cell division Deficiency: Stunted growth Deficiency: Stunted growth Deficiency: Purple or yellow leaves Deficiency: Purple or yellow leaves Deficiency: More common in cool spring Deficiency: More common in cool spring

7. Phosphorus and plants Function:Energy transfer and cell division Function: Energy transfer and cell division Deficiency: Stunted growth Deficiency: Stunted growth Deficiency: Purple or yellow leaves Deficiency: Purple or yellow leaves Deficiency: More common in cool spring Deficiency: More common in cool spring RARE!

8. Phosphorus in soil “Pools” of phosphorus storage in soil 300 lbs/acre 300 lbs/acre < 1 lbs/acre Active Soil P Soil Solution P

9. Soil solution phosphorus (H 2 PO 4 - )Soil solution phosphorus (H 2 PO 4 - ) –Form taken up by plants –Mobile form –Small fraction of total soil P (< 1 lb/acre) Phosphorus in soil Active Soil P Soil Solution P

10. Active soil phosphorus Active soil phosphorus – In equilibrium with solution P – 300 lbs/acre – Tightly adhered to soil particles Active Soil P Soil Solution P Phosphorus in soil

11. Phosphorus and soil pH 6.0 pH 7.0 pH Availability of phosphorus vs. soil pH

12. Phosphorus fertilization Recommended on turf when: Solution P + Soil P < 25 ppm Solution P + Soil P < 25 ppm

13. Phosphorus and lakes Most limiting plant nutrient in lakes Most limiting plant nutrient in lakes Algae “blooms” = low oxygen and smell Algae “blooms” = low oxygen and smell 1 lbs P = 300 lbs to 500 lbs algae 1 lbs P = 300 lbs to 500 lbs algae

14. High growth Low light Low oxygen Impacts of phosphorus

15. 10,000’s YEARS IN NATURAL CONDITIONS 10’s to 100’s YEARS UNDER HUMAN INFLUENCE Speeding aging of lakes

16. Tropic State (ppb)

17. A factor of 1,000 less! It takes a 1,000 times less phosphorus to turn a lake green than keep a lawn healthy 60 parts per BILLION 30 parts per MILLION

18. As phosphorus goes up, algae goes up, and water clarity goes down

19. Secchi Disk Secchi disk is a low-tech way to measure water clarity and determine a lake’s tropic state

20. Experimental Lake Area Study (Fisheries and Oceans Canada) Top-to-bottom curtain divides lake in two Carbon and nitrogen added to one side Carbon and nitrogen added to one side Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus added to other – effect is clear to see Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus added to other – effect is clear to see

21. Sources of phosphorus “When it rains, it pollutes” Think watersheds!

22. Types of runoff pollution Sediment – soil erosion, street grit Sediment – soil erosion, street grit Nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus Nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus Bacteria - wildlife, pets, sewage Bacteria - wildlife, pets, sewage Organics – manure, leaves, grass Organics – manure, leaves, grass Toxics – lead, zinc, copper, pesticides Toxics – lead, zinc, copper, pesticides

23. Impervious surfaces Residential Areas = 50% Impervious

24. Every city lot is waterfront property!

25. Streets Lawns Driveways Roofs Sidewalks Sources of phosphorus runoff Bannerman - Wisconsin DNR

26. Soluble plant P Soil solution P Soil particle P Product Sources of phosphorus runoff from lawns

27. Runoff from plant material (dissolved) Runoff from plant material (dissolved) Misapplied fertilizer (dissolved) Misapplied fertilizer (dissolved) Runoff from soil solution (dissolved) Runoff from soil solution (dissolved) Attached to eroded soil (particulate) Attached to eroded soil (particulate) LIKELYHOOD

28. Sources of phosphorus runoff from lawns Runoff from plant material (dissolved) Runoff from plant material (dissolved) Misapplied fertilizer (dissolved) Misapplied fertilizer (dissolved) Runoff from soil solution (dissolved) Runoff from soil solution (dissolved) Attached to eroded soil (particulate) Attached to eroded soil (particulate) LIKELYHOOD ?

29. Lbs./Acre/Year Source Source Soluble P Particulate P Bare cropland Bare cropland0.1033.20 Plowed corn Plowed corn0.2713.50 No-till corn No-till corn0.981.90 Hayland Hayland0.390.02 Lawns Lawns0.360.00 Sources: Sharpley and Menzel 1987; Rehm, 1997, Kussow, 2000. Sources: Sharpley and Menzel 1987; Rehm, 1997, Kussow, 2000. Phosphorus runoff by land use SOIL EROSION

30. Grass clippings Contain 0.13 lbs P / 1000 sq. ft. / year Contain 0.13 lbs P / 1000 sq. ft. / year That’s 0.65 lbs P / ave. yard / year That’s 0.65 lbs P / ave. yard / year

31. Controlling “P” runoff is package deal

32. How much “P” comes from leaves? 0.003 to 0.007 lbs P / hardwood / year 0.003 to 0.007 lbs P / hardwood / year If half the leaves from boulevard trees hit the street, a city block can produce 0.05 to 0.10 lbs P / year in runoff If half the leaves from boulevard trees hit the street, a city block can produce 0.05 to 0.10 lbs P / year in runoff

33. Phosphorus fertilization Apply according to soil test Apply according to soil test Important when seeding or sodding Important when seeding or sodding Rarely needed on est. lawns in Metro Rarely needed on est. lawns in Metro Sweep up overspread & spilled material Sweep up overspread & spilled material

34. Reading the bag Given in % phosphate by weight Phosphate (P 2 O 5 ) not phosphorus (P)! Phosphate (P 2 O 5 ) not phosphorus (P)! P = P 2 O 5 ÷ 2.29 P = P 2 O 5 ÷ 2.29 Look for the middle number! N - P - K

35. The best way to determine P need The best way to determine P need Rare as meteor hits in the metro Rare as meteor hits in the metro Poor sample technique gives poor results Poor sample technique gives poor results Recommended when “troubleshooting” Recommended when “troubleshooting” Taking a soil test

36. Sample front and back lawn separately Sample front and back lawn separately Sample randomly, avoid odd areas Sample randomly, avoid odd areas Mix in plastic bucket – send 1 pint to lab Mix in plastic bucket – send 1 pint to lab

38. Two phosphorus tests used in Minnesota based on soil pH: – Bray 1 – pH ≤ 7.4 – Olsen – pH > 7.4

40. Selecting fert. with needed N-P-K balance Selecting fert. with needed N-P-K balance 1,000 sq. ft.??? How big is my lawn? 1,000 sq. ft.??? How big is my lawn? Setting spreader application rate Setting spreader application rate Soil test? Calibrate? Get a life!!! Soil test? Calibrate? Get a life!!! Application challenges

41. State phosphorus lawn fertilizer law State phosphorus lawn fertilizer law Local fertilizer ordinances Local fertilizer ordinances “Use” vs. “Sale” regulation “Use” vs. “Sale” regulation The law and the lawn

42. Minnesota phosphorus lawn fertilizer law Passed in 2002 Goes into full effect in 2004 Goes into full effect in 2004 Concerns phosphorus fertilizer - mostly Concerns phosphorus fertilizer - mostly Treats metro and non-metro differently Treats metro and non-metro differently First in nation - has drawn attention First in nation - has drawn attention

43. MN lawn fertilizer law Metro area (seven county) - Starts 2004 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizer required, unless: 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizer required, unless: - Newly seeded or sodded lawn - Newly seeded or sodded lawn - Soil test shows need - Soil test shows need - Applied by trained golf course staff

44. MN lawn fertilizer law Non-metro area - Starts 2004 No greater than 3% P 2 O 5 fertilizer required, unless: No greater than 3% P 2 O 5 fertilizer required, unless: - Newly seeded or sodded lawn - Newly seeded or sodded lawn - Soil test shows need - Soil test shows need - Applied by certified golf course staff Cities can opt to adopt 0% P 2 O 5 limit Cities can opt to adopt 0% P 2 O 5 limit

45. MN lawn fertilizer law When liquid product is used in non-metro area, rate is limited to 0.3 lbs. When liquid product is used in non-metro area, rate is limited to 0.3 lbs. P 2 O 5 per 1,000 sq. ft. - unless need for higher rates is shown. When there is need to apply phosphorus lawn fertilizer at higher rates, University of Minnesota recommendations are to be followed. When there is need to apply phosphorus lawn fertilizer at higher rates, University of Minnesota recommendations are to be followed.

46. MN lawn fertilizer law Prohibited to apply fertilizer (any type) to impervious surfaces. Examples: Streets, sidewalks, driveways. Started 2002

47. MN lawn fertilizer law Preempts local ordinances on fertilizer use Allows pre-2002 local ordinances on fertilizer sales to stand Allows pre-2002 local ordinances on fertilizer sales to stand Enforcement by local units of government as a petty misdemeanor Enforcement by local units of government as a petty misdemeanor

48. City of Burnsville ordinance - before state law No application between Nov 15 - April 1 No application between Nov 15 - April 1 Clean fertilizer from impervious surfaces Clean fertilizer from impervious surfaces Keep outside 20 foot buffer around water Keep outside 20 foot buffer around water Apply no greater than 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizer unless new lawn or soil test shows need Apply no greater than 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizer unless new lawn or soil test shows need Notice of law needs to be posted in stores Notice of law needs to be posted in stores

49. City of Burnsville ordinance - after state law No application between Nov 15 - April 1 No application between Nov 15 - April 1 Clean fertilizer from impervious surfaces Clean fertilizer from impervious surfaces Keep outside 20 foot buffer around water Keep outside 20 foot buffer around water Apply no greater than 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizer unless new lawn or soil test shows need Apply no greater than 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizer unless new lawn or soil test shows need Notice of law needs to be posted in stores Notice of law needs to be posted in stores Locals can no longer regulate fertilizer use

50. Publication on the new law 800-877-6300 to place orders

51. 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizers becoming widely available...

52. On existing lawns On existing lawns - Use 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizer unless a need for phosphorus is shown (soil test) - Use 0% P 2 O 5 fertilizer unless a need for phosphorus is shown (soil test) - Soil test if lawn if failing to thrive - Soil test if lawn if failing to thrive - Apply to UM recommendations when phosphorus is used - Apply to UM recommendations when phosphorus is used What to advise...

53. On new lawns On new lawns - Soil test to 6” depth - Soil test to 6” depth - No test? Apply 2 lbs. P 2 O 5 /1,000 sq. ft. - No test? Apply 2 lbs. P 2 O 5 /1,000 sq. ft. - Mix fertilizer well into top 6” of soil - Mix fertilizer well into top 6” of soil What to advise...

54. All lawns All lawns - Sweep up, rake up, pick up - Sweep up, rake up, pick up - Soil test if interested in “baseline” - Soil test if interested in “baseline”

56. What to advise... Future? – practices to increase infiltration Rain garden in Maplewood, MN

57. Spring / Fall messages in the media Spring / Fall messages in the media Web site with resources for citizens, cities, and teachers/students Web site with resources for citizens, cities, and teachers/students TV weather broadcast / clean water feature TV weather broadcast / clean water feature www.cleanwatermn.org

59. Information used A Primer on Limnology. Bruce Monson. University of Minnesota Water Resources Center. The Nature of Phosphorus in Soils. Lowell Busman, et.al. University of Minnesota Extension Service. Pub. FO-6795 Phosphorus Transport and Availability in Surface Waters. Gyles Randall, et.al. U of MN Extension Service. Pub. FO-6796 Soil Test Interpretation and Fertilizer Management for Lawns, Turf, Gardens, and Landscape Plants. Carl Rosen, et.al. University of Minnesota Extension Service. Pub. BU-1731 Understanding Lake Data. Byron Shaw, et.al. University of Wisconsin Extension. Pub. G3582

60. Ron Struss Extension Educator University of Minnesota Extension Service 651-215-1950 rstruss@umn.edu