1. The Reconstruction Era http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-113.jpg Ruins seen from the capitol, Columbia, S.C., 1865Ruins seen from the capitol, Columbia, S.C., 1865. Photographed by George N. Barnard. 165-SC-53.

2. After the War South lay in ruins (destroyed) Nearly 4 million freedman (freed slaves) needed food, clothing, & jobs President Lincoln planned for Reconstruction, the rebuilding of the South http://www.archives.go v/research/civil- war/photos/images/civ il-war-112.jpg Ruins seen from the Circular Church, Charleston, S.C.Ruins seen from the Circular Church, Charleston, S.C., 1865. 111-B-4667.

3. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Reunite Union quickly Southern state could form a new government after 10 % of its voters swore loyalty to U.S. States also had to abolish slavery Many in Congress didn’t like Lincoln’s plan & wanted a stricter form of Reconstruction http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-188.jpg

4. “Special Field Order 15” Black family settlements Sea Islands, South Carolina & Georgia 40 acres & a mule 40,000 freed slaves on “Sherman Land” Economic independence = freedom General William T. Sherman

5. Acts of Congress Freedman’s Bureau was created by Congress – 1865-1870 –food, clothing, & immediate assistance Schools, settle disputes, protect equal treatment –Fewer than 1000 agents –Divide abandoned and confiscated land in 40 acre plots for rent & eventual sale to blacks Thirteenth Amendment –Passed by Congress in January, 1865 –Ended slavery throughout the U.S.

6. Glimpses at the Freedmen - The Freedmen's Union Industrial School, Richmond, Va. / from a sketch by Jas E. Taylor (1866). Room of African American women sewing. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/aaodyssey:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3a33775))

7. Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 Andrew Johnson became President http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-202.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-198.jpg John Wilkes Booth Republicans – “Party of Lincoln” Freed Black

8. Andrew Johnson Republican Champion of the “honest yeoman” Foe of the large planter Believed in State Rights Supported Emancipation but still a racist. http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-187.jpg Andrew Johnson, Vice President & President

9. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan In each southern states, a majority of voters must swear loyalty to the U.S. –Individual Pardons –Leaders/Plantation Owners Each state must approve the 13 th Amendment Then each state could rejoin the Union Appointed provisional Governors –White only –Prominent Confederate Ldrs & members of the old elite Land back to Southern Owners

10. Response to Johnson’s Plan Southern States met Johnson’s demands –1870 – all Southern States readmitted Republicans in Congress outraged because African Americans were not allowed to vote & former Confederate Leaders were elected to Congress Johnson ordered Federal land to be returned to former owners – 1865 S. Carolina & Georgia – “Sherman’s Land” settlers forcibly evicted by Army

11. Radical Reconstruction After the war, most southern states quickly ratified the 13 th Amendment –Passed Black Codes Radical Republicans in Congress decide to take over Reconstruction –Break the power of the southern planters –Dissolution of S. Gov’ts –African Americans - right to vote. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/sespics/34004.jpg Black Codes laws in Southern States limiting freedoms – varied by state no voting sign labor contract or arrested barred access to certain jobs judge order for children workers could not testify against a white barred land ownership Land Conflict: Difficult for Americans to take land from one owner and give to another.

12. Radical Reconstruction (continued) Tenure of Office Act, 1867 – Barred Pres. from removing Cabinet Members w/o Senate consent 14 th Amendment, 1868 – All people born in the U.S. are citizens. No state may take away rights of citizens. 15 th Amendment, 1870 – The right to vote cannot be denied to citizens because of their race or color or because they were once enslaved. (1857 Dred Scott) Reconstruction Act, 1867-1877 – Southern states had to ratify the 14 th Amendment, African American men must be allowed to vote,… –Johnson vetoed these acts & Congress overrode his veto; Congress eventually tried to impeach him –Centralized Federal Powers – reduced State power –“high crimes & misdemeanors”/Acquitted by one vote

13. Changes in the South Southern Republicans (scalawags), whites from the North (carpetbaggers), & freed African Americans played important roles in southern governments. –South: ½ Democrate (whites/former Confederates) ½ Republicans –S. Carolina – Blacks 60% of population & Louisiana – wealthiest & most ed. Black communities –Over 2000 Blacks in public office during Reconstrution KKK & “Reign of Terror” – Politically motivated & more pervasive (pg. 577 – Cartoon) –Ku Klux Klan (1866) -- formed by white southerners to help them regain power & to keep African Americans and White Republicans out of office. –1870-1871 Congressional Acts Defined crimes against civil & political rights a Federal offense –KKK disbanded by 1972

14. Southern Economy Agricultural base/farming/Coastal Cities –Cotton, rice, citrus, tobacco, sugar –Industries moving West NOT South RR bypassing Coastal Cities Landless black and white sharecroppers became locked in a cycle of poverty. –Sharecroppers: person who farms land owned by another in exchange for a share of the crops Pg. 550 – Freed slaves home Pg. 551 – The Barrow Plantation –Sharecroppers Contract - Pg. 559 debt/collateral/”crop lein” Interest rates high/prices low

15. Reconstruction Ends Reconstruction ended after presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes made a private deal with southern politicians. After Reconstruction, a new industrial economy began to emerge in the South. Southern whites pass new laws to deny African Americans equal rights. –Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, & Grandfather Clauses –Segregation, Jim Crow Laws, Lynching –Civil Rights Movement (100 years later)

16. Civil War Pictures from the National Archives http://www.archives.gov/research/civil- war/photos/ http://www.archives.gov/research/civil- war/photos/ Many Reconstruction http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/204/outline.weekf our.html