1. GOLF COURSE AND TURF SOLUTIONS PRESENTED BY GAVIN OLSEN

2. WHERE ARE OUR COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY ROOTS?

3. HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT `S HAPPENING IN THE SOIL? DOES YOUR SOIL HAVE LOW ORGANIC CONTENT? DOES YOUR SOIL HAVE A BALANCED NUTRIENT STATUS? DOES YOUR SOIL HAVE MICROBIAL AND FUNGAL LIFE? DOES YOUR SOIL HAVE HIGH CLAY CONTENT ? DOES THE SOIL HAVE COMPACTION AND PERCOLATION PROBLEMS ? DOES YOUR SOIL HAVE A SALINITY OR ALKALINITY PROBLEM? DOES YOUR SOIL HAVE A LOW CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY?

4. THREE PROPERTIES OF ALL SOILS PHYSICAL : CLAY %,CLAY PARTICLE SIZE OR 0% CLAY, SOIL PARTICLE SIZE ( SIZE COUNTS IN SOIL!) CHEMICAL : CATION EXCHANGE, CATION BALANCE PLANT TOXIC LEVELS OF SALTS ( IF YOU HAVE A SHORTAGE, HAVE IT IN BALANCE! ) BIOLOGICAL : ORGANIC MATTER, MICROBES AND FUNGAL ACTIVITY, CARBON % (IS YOUR ORGANIC MATTER FUNCTIONAL, SOLUBLE AND ACCESSIBLE TO THE GOOD GUYS!)

5. CLAY % AND SIZE WILL INFLUENCE PHYSICAL QUALITIES SUCH AS : WATER HOLDING CAPACITY(PHYSICAL) :CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY(PHYSIOCHEMICAL) :SOIL STRUCTURE AGGREGATION OR DISINTERGRATION(PHYSICAL) :WATER PERCOLATION (PHYSICAL ) BUT IN 99.99% ANALYSIS OF GOLF GREENS THERE IS CLOSE TO 0% CLAY ?? PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

6. CATIONS HAVE DIFFERENT CHARGES AND SIZES(CHEM) CATIONS COMPETE ON CLAY AND ORGANIC MATTER FOR EXCHANGE SPACE(CHEMPHYSICAL) CATIONS MUST BE BALANCED, OTHERWISE DOMINATION OF OTHERS OCCUR (CHEM) CATIONS EXERT IONIC FORCES IN SOIL (CHEMPHYSICAL) INCORRECT FERTILISER CHOICE AND POOR QUALITY ARE SOMETIMES OUR BIGGEST ENEMIES ON SANDY SOIL! CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

7. ORGANIC MATTER INFLUENCES ALL 3 PROPERTIES IN THE SOIL :CARBON MUST BE ACTIVE FRACTION (BIOCHEM) :INCREASES CATION EXCHANGE (CHEM) :FOOD SOURCE FOR ORGANISMS AND FUNGI (BIO) :SUBSTRATE FOR MICROBIAL ACTIVITY(BIO) :INCREASES SOIL AGGREGATION(PHYSICAL) :INCREASES SOIL MOISTURE(PHYSICAL) BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

8. ORGANIC MATTER IS THE BEST SOLUTION AS IT ADRESSES ALL THREE PROPERTIES

9. HOW AND WHY? BUT HOW DOES ORGANIC MATTER WORK IN THE SOIL? WHAT IS IT`S INTERACTION WITH CATIONS?

10. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY SOIL ANALYSIS PRE TREATMENT WATER ANALYSIS PRE TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION WITH CODA RANGE TREATMENT STARTS MARCH SOIL ANALYSIS POST TREATMENT JUNE CONCLUSIONS

11. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY WATER ANALYSIS FEB PH 7.5 EC 108 mS/M Na 162.6 MG/L SAR 5.93 K 5.6 MG/L Ca 46.2 MG/L LANGELIER -0.6 MG 20.4 MG/L Fe 7.28 MG/L Mn 0.28 MG/L Cl 190.3 MG/L HCO3 350 MG/L SO4 27 MG/L B 0.39 MG/L

12. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY PRE SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 2 SAND C % 1.29 PH 7.6(KCL) (WATER PH 8.6 ) OHMS 380 Na 14.71% / 0.7 CMOL HIGH K 2.87 % / 0.14 CMOL Ca 61.94 % / 2.94 CMOL MG 20.48 % / 0.97 CMOL P 10 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 53 MG/KG Cu 0.62 MG/KG M n 13.7 MG/KG CEC 4.74 CMOL/KG Zn 3.7 MG/KG B 0.69 MG/KG

13. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY PRE SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 4 SAND C % 0.33 PH 7.6(KCL) (WATER PH 8.6 ) OHMS 740 Na 14.25% / 0.21 CMOL HIGH K 4.23 % / 0.06 CMOL Ca 65.44% / 0.94 CMOL MG 16.07 %/ 0.23 CMOL P 2 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 24MG/KG Cu 0.42 MG/KG M n 1.1 MG/KG CEC 1.44 CMOL/KG Zn 0.5 MG/KG B 0.17 MG/KG

14. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY PRE SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 5 SAND C % 1.01 PH 7.6(KCL) (WATER PH 8.6 ) OHMS 300 Na 15.05% / 0.99 CMOL HIGH K 3.33 % / 0.22 CMOL Ca 66.26% / 4.37 CMOL MG 15.35 %/ 1.01 CMOL P 11 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 86 MG/KG Cu 0.40 MG/KG M n 8.9 MG/KG CEC 6.60 CMOL/KG Zn 2.5 MG/KG B 0.66 MG/KG

15. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY PRE SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 8 SAND C % 0.93 PH 7.4(KCL) (WATER PH 8.4 ) OHMS 550 Na 8.91% / 0.52 CMOL HIGH K 2.98 % / 0.17 CMOL Ca 74.92 % / 4.35 CMOL MG 13.19 %/ 0.76 CMOL P 12 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 68 MG/KG Cu 0.64 MG/KG M n 9.3 MG/KG CEC 5.80 CMOL/KG Zn 3.1MG/KG B 0.93 MG/KG

16. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY PRE SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 11 SAND C % 0.85 PH 7.7(KCL) (WATER PH 8.7 ) OHMS 310 Na 9.65% / 00.93 CMOL HIGH K 1.72% / 0.17 CMOL Ca 81.32 % / 7.84 CMOL MG 7.31%/ 0.70 CMOL P 73 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 65 MG/KG Cu 0.24 MG/KG M n 6.3 MG/KG CEC 9.64CMOL/KG Zn 3.1MG/KG B 0.68 MG/KG

17. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 2 POST TREATMENT ANALYSIS JUNE SAND C % 1.04 PH 7.5(KCL) (WATER PH 8.5) OHMS 1700 Na 2.49% / 0.27 CMOL PRE 14.71% K 0.78 % / 0.08 CMOL PRE 2.87% Ca 86.68 % / 9.31 CMOL PRE 61.94% MG 10.05 % / 1.05 CMOL PRE 20.48% P 12 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 33 MG/KG Cu 0.07 MG/KG PRE CEC 4.74 CMOL/KG M n 4.7 MG/KG POST CEC 10.74 CMOL/KG Zn 0.5 MG/KG B 0.89 MG/KG

18. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 4 POST TREATMENT ANALYSIS JUNE SAND C % 0.21 PH 7.6(KCL) (WATER PH 8.6) OHMS 5210 Na 2.09% / 0.04 CMOL PRE 14.25% K 1.31 % / 0.03 CMOL PRE 4.23% Ca 89.03 % / 9.31 CMOL PRE 65.44 MG 7.57 % / 0.15 CMOL PRE 20.48% P 3 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 10 MG/KG Cu 0.23 MG/KG PRE CEC 1.44 CMOL/KG M n 0.7MG/KG POST CEC 2.01 CMOL/KG Zn 0.5 MG/KG B 0.21MG/KG

19. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 5 POST TREATMENT ANALYSIS JUNE SAND C % 1.43 PH 7.3(KCL) (WATER PH 8.3) OHMS 1240 Na 3.32% / 0.23 CMOL PRE 15.05% K 1.02 % / 0.07CMOL PRE 4.23% Ca 83.31 % / 5.85 CMOL PRE 65.44 MG 12.34 % / 0.15 CMOL PRE 15.35% P 11 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 28 MG/KG Cu 0.16 MG/KG PRE CEC 6.60 CMOL/KG M n 4.8 MG/KG POST CEC 7.03 CMOL/KG Zn 1.8 MG/KG B 0.86 MG/KG

20. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 8 POST TREATMENT ANALYSIS JUNE SAND C % 1.06 PH 7.1(KCL) (WATER PH 8.1) OHMS 3040 Na 1.28% / 0.08 CMOL PRE 8.91% K 0.71 % / 0.05CMOL PRE 2.98% Ca 88.35 % / 5.73 CMOL PRE 74.92% MG 9.68 % / 0.63CMOL PRE 13.19% P 13 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 18 MG/KG Cu 0.16 MG/KG PRE CEC 5.80 CMOL/KG M n 5.3 MG/KG POST CEC 6.46 CMOL/KG Zn 2.1 MG/KG B 1.06 MG/KG

21. BELLVILLE CASE STUDY SOIL ANALYSIS GREENS 11 POST TREATMENT ANALYSIS JUNE SAND C % 0.84 PH 7.5(KCL) (WATER PH 8.5) OHMS 3320 Na 0.90% / 0.23 CMOL PRE 9.65% K 0.52 % / 0.05CMOL PRE 1.72% Ca 91.41 % / 9.21CMOL PRE 81.32% MG 7.18 % / 0.63CMOL PRE 7.31% P 13 MG/KG (BRAY2) K 20MG/KG Cu 0.09 MG/KG PRE CEC 9.64 CMOL/KG M n 2.7MG/KG POST CEC 10.08CMOL/KG Zn 1.8MG/KG B 0.84 MG/KG

22. Water quality deteriorated over treated period Irrigation reduced in treated period Less fertiliser applied in treated period Only 30 Kg of Ca/ha applied via CODA range over period Reduced sodium toxicity immediatley Increased water percolation Increased root growth Increased available nutrients in soil

23. CONCLUSIONS Sodium can be managed even at high levels Percolation cannot be addressed with just mechanical intervention Greens recovered quicker and maintained healthier looking root structure Good roots MEANS Good greens!!! Thank You!