Chapter 15 Program Development and Programming Languages

Chapter 15 Program Development and Programming Languages

Chapter 15 Objectives Explain the six steps in the program development life cycle Describe the object-oriented approach to program development Describe top-down program design Identify programming languages commonly used today Explain structured program design and the three basic control structures Identify the uses of application generators, macros, and RAD tools Explain the differences among the categories of programming languages Describe various Web page development tools, including HTML, DHTML, XML, and WML Identify uses of multimedia authoring packages Next p.15.2

What is a Computer Program?
A set of instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks Computer programmers use program development tools that generate these instructions automatically use a programming language to write these instructions themselves programming language A set of words, symbols, and codes that enables a programmer to communicate instructions to a computer Next p.15.2

The Program Development Life Cycle
What is the program development life cycle (PDLC)? A set of steps programmers use to build computer programs Next p Fig. 15-1

How is program development related to system development? Program development is an ongoing process within system development Next p.15.3 Fig. 15-2

What initiates the PDLC? During the analysis phase of the system development life cycle (SDLC), the development team recommends how to handle software needs If the company recommends in-house development, programmers begin the PDLC as part of the implementation phase Next p.15.3 Fig. 15-2

What is the program specification package? A detailed set of requirements for a system created by the systems analyst during the design phase of the SDLC Identifies the input, output, processing, and data requirements of each program and the relationships among programs The scope of the program specification package largely determines how many programmers work on the program development programming team A group of programmers who develop the programs Click to view video Next p.15.3

Step 1 – Analyze Problem What is involved in analyzing the problem?
Analyze the problem the program(s) should solve so you can begin to develop an appropriate solution In most cases, the solution requires more than one program Three major tasks Review the program specifications package Meet with the systems analyst and users Identify each program’s input, output, and processing components Next p.15.4

decision tables and decision trees screen and report layout charts
Step 1 – Analyze Problem Why does the programmer review the program specification package? systems flowcharts Package contains a variety of deliverables that identify input, output, design and data requirements By thoroughly reviewing the package, the programmer understands the nature and requirements of each program charts structured English diagrams decision tables and decision trees reports screen and report layout charts data dictionary Next p.15. 4

Step 1 – Analyze Problem What is an IPO chart?
Also called a defining diagram Identifies a program’s inputs, its outputs, and the processing steps required to transform the inputs into the outputs Next p.15.4 Fig. 15-3

Step 2 – Design Programs What is involved in designing programs?
Three tasks grouping each program’s activities into modules devising a solution algorithm for each module testing the solution algorithms top-down design Task 1 Focuses on what the program should do structured design Tasks 2 and 3 Determines how to build the programs based on the requirements Next p.15.5

Step 2 – Design Programs What is top-down design?
Breaks down the original set of program specifications into smaller, more manageable sections Identify the the major functions of a program, called the main routine or the main module Decompose (break down) the main routine into smaller sections called subroutines Analyze each subroutine to determine if it can be decomposed further Continue decomposing subroutines until each one performs a single function Click to view Web Link then click Top-Down Design A section of a program that performs a single function is a module Next p.15.5

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a hierarchy chart?
Also called a structure chart or top-down chart Used to show program modules graphically Next p.15. 6Fig. 15-4

Step 2 – Design Programs What is structured design?
sequence control structure A technique that builds all program logic from a combination of three basic control structures A control structure is a design that determines the logical order of program instructions also called a construct Each module typically contains more than one control structure selection control structure repetition control structure Click to view Web Link then click Structured Design Next p.15.6

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a sequence control structure?
Shows one or more actions following each other in order Actions inputs processes outputs Next p.15.7 Fig. 15-5

if-then-else control structure case control structure
Step 2 – Design Programs What is a selection control structure? Tells the program which action to take, based on a certain condition Two common types of selection control structures if-then-else control structure case control structure Next p.15.7

Step 2 – Design Programs What is an if-then-else control structure?
Allows a program to evaluate the condition and yields one of two possibilities: true or false If the result of the condition is true, the program performs one action If the result is false, the program performs a different (or possibly no) action Next p.15.7 Fig. 15-6

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a case control structure?
A condition can yield one of three or more possibilities Next p.15.7 Fig. 15-7

do-while control structure do-until control structure
Step 2 – Design Programs What is a repetition control structure? Also called the iteration control structure or a loop Used when a program performs one or more actions repeatedly as long as a certain condition is met Two forms do-while control structure do-until control structure Next p.15.8

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a do-while control structure?
Repeats one or more times as long as a condition is true Tests a condition at the beginning of the loop If the result is true, the program executes the action(s) inside the loop Program loops back and tests the condition again Looping continues until the condition becomes false Next p.15.8 Fig. 15-8

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a do-until control structure?
Tests the condition at the the end of the loop The action(s) will always execute at least once Continues looping until the condition is true, and then stops Next p.15.8 Fig. 15-9

Step 2 – Design Programs What are the guidelines of a proper program?
dead code Any code, or program instruction, that a program never executes The program, each of its modules, and each of its control structures must have No dead code No infinite loops One entry point One exit point infinite loop A set of instructions that repeats continuously entry point The location where a program, a module, or a control structure begins exit point The location where it ends Next p.15.8

Step 2 – Design Programs How are entry and exit points shown?
Program modules often have control structures nested inside one another Each control structure should have one entry point and one exit point Next p.15.9 Fig

Nassi-Schneiderman charts
Step 2 – Design Programs What is a solution algorithm? Also called program logic A graphical or written description of the step-by-step procedures in a module To help develop a solution algorithm, programmers use design tools program flowchart Nassi-Schneiderman charts pseudocode Next p.15.9

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a program flowchart?
Graphically shows the logic in a solution algorithm Follows a set of standards published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in the early 1960s Next p.15.9 Fig

comment symbol or annotation symbol Explains or clarifies logic
Step 2 – Design Programs How is a program flowchart drawn? Most symbols connect with solid lines showing the direction of the program Dotted lines connect comment symbols comment symbol or annotation symbol Explains or clarifies logic Next p Fig

Step 2 – Design Programs What is flowcharting software?
Used to develop flowcharts Makes it easy to modify and update flowcharts Click to view Web Link then click Flowcharting Software Next p Fig

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a Nassi-Schneiderman (N-S) chart?
Graphically shows the logic in a solution algorithm Sometimes called structured flowcharts Next p Fig

Step 2 – Design Programs What is pseudocode?
Uses a condensed form of English to convey program logic Also uses indentation to identify the three basic control structures Next p Fig

A flaw in the design that causes inaccurate results
Step 2 – Design Programs What is a quality review? The programmer checks the logic for correctness and attempts to uncover logic errors Two techniques for reviewing a solution algorithm desk check structured walkthrough logic error A flaw in the design that causes inaccurate results Next p.1512

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a desk check?
1. Developing sets of test data (inputs) The use of test data to step though a program’s logic Test data is sample data that mimics data the program might process once it is in production Involves five steps 2. Determining the expected result (output) for each set of data, without using the solution algorithm 3. Stepping through the solution algorithm using one set of test data and writing down the actual result obtained (output) using the solution algorithm 4. Comparing the expected result from Step 2 to the actual result from Step 3 Next 5. Repeating Steps 3 and 4 for each set of test data p.15.12

Step 2 – Design Programs What is a structured walkthrough?
A more formal technique for checking the solution algorithm The programmer explains the logic of the algorithm while members of the programming team step through the program logic Purpose is to identify errors in the program logic and check for possible improvements in program design Detecting errors and making improvements early in the PDLC reduces the overall time and cost of program development Next p.15.12

Step 3 – Code Programs What is involved in coding programs? Two steps
translating the solution algorithm into a programming language entering the programming language code into the computer Each of the many programming languages has a particular syntax syntax The set of grammar and rules that specifies how to write instructions for a solution algorithm Next p.15.13

Step 3 – Code Programs How are programs documented?
A programmer should take time to document the program code thoroughly Comments or remarks are included in a program as documentation Global comments explain the program’s purpose and identify the program name, its author, and the date written Internal comments explain the purpose of the code statements within the program global comments internal comments Next p Fig

Flaw in the design that generates inaccurate results
Step 4 – Test Programs What is involved in testing programs? syntax errors Occur when the code violates the syntax, or grammar, of the programming language Usually discovered the first time a program code is executed on the computer Goal is to ensure the program runs correctly and is error free Two typical types of errors syntax errors logic errors logic errors Flaw in the design that generates inaccurate results Systems analyst develops test data including both valid and invalid input data Next p.15.13

Step 4 – Test Programs What is a run time error?
A program failure occurring while a program is being executed Programmers use test data to deliberately cause a run time error in order to test the program Next p.15.13

Step 4 – Test Programs What is debugging?
The process of locating and correcting the syntax and logic errors in a program Errors themselves are the bugs The first bug was said to be a moth lodged in a computer's electronic components Next p Fig

Step 4 – Test Programs What is a debug utility? Also called a debugger
Allows you to identify syntax errors and to find logic errors You can examine program values while the program runs in slow motion millennium bug Also called the Y2K bug Took effect when the computer date rolled over to January 1, 2000 Non Y2K compliant computers read the date as 01/01/00 Next p.15.14

Step 5 – Formalize Solution
What is involved in formalizing a solution? hierarchy chart The programmer performs two activities review the program code look for any dead code and remove it run the program one final time to verify it still works review all the documentation ensures all documentation is complete and accurate includes a number of types of documentation solution algorithm in the form of a program flowchart, and N-S chart, or pseudocode test data program code listings that contain global and internal comments Next p.15.15

Step 6 – Maintain Programs
What is involved in maintaining programs? Two activities correcting errors adding enhancements involves modifying existing programs to improve their functionality When a program is implemented, or placed into production, users interact with the programs programs process actual, or live, transactions users identify errors and enhancements When users identify errors or enhancements, they typically notify the systems analyst The systems analyst contacts and meets with a programmer They begin to analyze the problem or enhancement, which is Step 1 of the PDLC Next p.15.15

Programming Languages and Program Development Tools
What are programming languages and program development tools? programming language A set of words, symbols, and codes that enables a programmer to communicate a solution algorithm to the computer program development tool Consists of user-friendly software products designed to assist both programmers and nontechnical users with the creation of information system solutions Next p.15.16

Categories of Programming Languages
What are the categories of programming languages? Five major categories of programming languages assembly languages machine languages third-generation languages Click to view animation fifth-generation languages fourth-generation languages Click to view video Next p.15.16

What are low- and high-level programming languages? Languages are classified as either low level or high level low-level language A programming language that is machine dependent high-level language A language that is machine independent machine-dependent language Only runs on one particular computer machine-independent language Can run on many different types of computers and operating systems machine and assembly languages are low-level third-generation, fourth-generation, and fifth-generation languages are high-level Next p.15.16

What is machine language? The first generation of programming languages The only language the computer directly understands Uses a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) or a combination of numbers and letters that represent binary digits Binary digits correspond to the on and off electrical states of a computer Click to view animation Next p Fig

What is assembly language? The second generation of programming languages A programmer writes instructions using symbolic instruction codes symbolic instruction codes Also called mnemonics Meaningful abbreviations and codes Next p Fig

What are features of assembly languages? Source program The program that contains the assembly language code symbolic address A meaningful name that identifies a storage location macro Generates multiple machine language instructions for a single assembly language instruction Saves the programmer time during program development Assembler Converts the assembly language source program into machine language so that the computer can understand it Next p.15.17

What is a third generation language (3GL)? Uses a series of English-like words to write instructions A procedural language requires the program instructions tell the computer what to accomplish and how to do it Click to view animation Next p Fig

What is a compiler? source program The 3GL code Converts the entire source program into machine language before executing it The compiler checks the source program’s syntax Makes sure the program properly defines the data it will use in calculations or comparisons Produces a program listing which contains the source code and a list of any syntax errors Translates an entire program before executing it object code Also called an object program The machine language version that results from compiling the 3GL Next p Fig

What is an interpreter? Reads a code statement Converts it to one or more machine language instructions Executes those machine language instructions Translates and executes one program code statement at a time Does not produce an object program Next p Fig

What is a fourth-generation language (4GL)? Uses English-like statements The syntax is closer to human language than that of a 3GL A nonprocedural language programmer only specifies what the program should accomplish without explaining how many 4GLs work with a database and its project dictionary Next p Fig

What are some examples of 4GLs? SQL A query language enabling users and programmers to retrieve data from database tables report writer Also called a report generator Software that allows you to design a report on the screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the report Builds a 4GL query that enables you to access the data Next p.15.19

What is a fifth-generation language (5GL)? One that provides a visual or graphical interface for creating the source code Often converts the source code to machine language using a 3GL or 4GL compiler Object-oriented and Web development tools sometimes use a 5GL such as Visual Basic Next p Fig

Object-Oriented Program Development
What is the object-oriented (OO) approach? object An item that can contain both data and the procedures that read or manipulate that data The programmer can package the data and the program (or procedure) into a single unit, called an object When the structure of an object changes, any program that accesses the object automatically accesses the change method or operation The procedure in the object that contains activities that read or manipulate the data attributes or variables The data elements encapsulation or information hiding The concept of packaging methods and attributes into a single object Next p.15.20

What is a class? A larger category of objects Each object in a class shares methods and attributes that are part of the original object A generalization hierarchy shows relationships between classes of an object Next p Fig

What are some terms related to classes? Each class can have one or more subclasses The higher-level class is called a superclass Inheritance is the concept of lower levels inheriting methods and attributes of higher levels An object instance is a specific occurrence of an object or object class A message tells an object what to do Next p Fig

What is the Object Management Group (OMG)? An international organization that establishes guidelines and specifications for OO application development Has adopted UML and CORBA as standards UML (Unified Modeling Language) Contains the standard notation for analysis, design, and documentation for the OO approach CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) Defines how objects in separate programs on a network can communicate with each other Next p.15.21

What is object-oriented programming (OOP) language? A language that uses the OO approach An OOP is event driven checks for and responds to a set of events C++ is a complete object-oriented language event The OOP term for message Click to view Web Link then click Object-Oriented Programming Languages Next p.15.21

Programming Languages
What are the most widely used programming languages? BASIC Hundreds of programming languages exist A few are used widely enough to be recognized as standards Most are high-level languages Visual Basic COBOL C C++ RPG Next p.15.22

How can you compute gross pay? Figures on the following slides show program code in several programming languages The code solves a simple payroll problem – computing the gross pay for an employee 1. Multiply the regular time hours worked by the hourly rate of pay to obtain the regular time pay Regular pay = regular hours x hourly rate of pay 2. Multiply the overtime hours by 1.5 times the hourly rate of pay to obtain the overtime pay Overtime pay = overtime hours x 1.5 x hourly rate of pay 3. Add the regular time pay and the overtime pay together Gross pay = regular time pay + overtime pay Next p.15.22

What is BASIC? Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Developed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in the mid-1960s at Dartmouth College Designed for use as a simple, interactive problem-solving language Next p Fig

What is Visual Basic? A Windows-based application that assists programmers in developing other event-driven Windows-based applications Developed by Microsoft Corporation in the early 1990s Click to view Web Link then click Visual Basic Next p Fig

How is a Visual Basic application created? Step 4: Programmer tests the application. Gross pay displays after COMPUTE button is clicked. Step 3: Programmer writes code and assigns it to the COMPUTE button. Step 2: Programmer assigns properties to each object on the form. Objects include text boxes, command buttons, labels, and the form itself. Step 1: Programmer designs user interface. Regular Time Hours Worked, Overtime Hours Worked, and Hourly Pay Rate are text boxes, in which the user enters data. COMPUTE and CLEAR are command buttons. All other objects are labels. Next p Fig

What is COBOL? COmmon Business-Oriented Language Developed out of a joint effort between the United States government, businesses, and major universities in the early 1960s Naval officer Grace Hopper was a prime developer of the COBOL language One of the more widely used procedural programming languages for business applications Next p Fig

Technology Trailblazer
Grace Hopper Programmed the Mark I ‘computer engine’ to find the angles to aim naval guns in varying weather conditions Helped build and program several other early computers Credited with finding the first computer ‘bug’ Developed the first compiler Created the FLOW-MATIC programming language that laid the foundation for COBOL Click to view Web Link then click Grace Hopper Next p.15.24

What is C? Developed in the early 1970s by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories Originally designed for writing system software A powerful language that requires professional programming skills Next p Fig

Technology Trailblazer
Dennis Ritchie Developed C at Bell Labs in the early 1970s Tweaked an earlier programming language, B, to make it portable C became extremely popular outside of Bell Labs after 1980 Awarded the National Medal of Technology in 1999 Click to view Web Link then click Dennis Ritchie Next p.15.25

What is C++? Developed in the 1980s by Bjarne Sroustrup at Bell Laboratories An object-oriented programming language An extension of the C programming language Includes all the elements of the C language plus has additional features for working with objects, classes, events, and other object-oriented concepts C# A newer programming language that combines features of C and C++ Best suited for development of Web applications Click to view Web Link then click C++ Next p.15.25

What is RPG? Report Program Generator Introduced by IBM in the early 1960s to assist businesses in generating reports Businesses also use RPG for complex computations and file updating A nonprocedural language Next p Fig

What are some other programming languages? Next p Fig

Program Development Tools
What are program development tools? User-friendly software products designed to help both program developers and nontechnical users create solutions to information requirements Empower nontechnical users by giving them the ability to write simple programs on their own Allows programmers and IT professionals to focus development efforts on larger projects application generators macros RAD tools: Visual Basic, Delphi, and PowerBuilder Next p.15.27

What is an application generator? Sometimes called a program generator A program that allows you to build an application without writing the extensive code required by a 3GL Developer works with menu-driven tools that have graphical user interfaces Typically includes a report writer, form, and menu generator menu generator Allows the developer to create a menu, or list of choices, for the application options Next p.15.27

What are report writers and forms? A report writer allows you to design a report on the screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the report A form is a window on the screen that provides areas for entering or changing data in a database Next p Fig

What is a macro? A series of statements that instructs an application how to complete a task Can automate routine, repetitive, or difficult tasks in an application such as word processing, spreadsheet, or database programs You usually create a macro in one of two ways record the macro write the macro macro recorder Used to automate a routine or repetitive task Records all actions until turned off Next p.15.28

What is Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)? Used to write your own macros Macros use the three basic structured programming constructs (sequence, selection, and iteration) within modules Also use objects, classes, and other object-oriented concepts Macro dialog box Loan Data button VBA macro used to automate an auto loan computation Macro dialog box in Excel window guiding the user through the data entry process Next p Fig

What is rapid application development (RAD)? The concept of developing software throughout the system development process A common technique is prototyping a prototype is a working model of the proposed system RAD tools are used to develop easy-to-maintain, component-based applications component is another term for object three popular RAD tools Visual Basic Delphi Click to view Web Link then click Rapid Application Development PowerBuilder Next p.15.29

What are Visual Basic and Delphi? Visual basic A Windows-based application that assists programmers in developing other event-driven Windows-based applications One of the first programming environments to provide a visual programming environment (VPE) Delphi Offers a drag-and-drop VPE Provides full object-oriented capabilities visual programming environment (VPE) Allows developers to drag-and-drop objects to build programs Next p.15.29

What is PowerBuilder? Uses a proprietary object-oriented language for its application development Language is called PowerScript Can create powerful applications Next p Fig

Company on the Cutting Edge
Developer of PowerBuilder Enterprise, Powersoft, PowerStudio, and Adaptive Component Architecture Selected as the company with Best Customer Support in the computer industry by InfoWorld readers Products help developers efficiently create Internet applications and client/server programs Click to view Web Link then click Sybase Next p.15.30

Web Page Program Development
What is involved in developing Web pages? A Web page is a linked document that can contain text, graphics, video, and audio posted on the World Wide Web Web page authors, the designers of Web pages, use a variety of techniques to develop Web pages HTML Scripts, Applets, Servlets, and ActiveX Controls Java, JavaScript, VBScript, and Perl Dynamic HTML XHTML, XML, and WML Web page authoring software Next p.15.31

What is hypertext markup language (HTML)? A special formatting language that programmers use to create Web pages View Web pages written with HTML in a Web browser Not actually a programming language a language with specific syntax rules for defining the placement and format of text, graphics, video, and audio on a Web page tags or markups Codes that specify links to other documents and indicate how the Web page displays when viewed on the Web <HR> Web page A file that contains both text and HTML tags <B> <P> Next p.15.31

How does HTML code look? HTML code can be written using any text editor or entered into any standard word processing software package Save the code as an ASCII file with an .htm or .html extension Next p Fig

How does HTML relate to a Web page? Web page created from part of the Web code shown in Figure 15-33 Next p Fig

How are dynamic elements added to a Web page? Small programs called scripts, applets, servlets, and ActiveX controls are used to add dynamic content and interactive elements short programs that run inside of another program script An interpreted program that runs on the client applet Also usually runs on the client, but it is compiled servlet An applet that runs on the server ActiveX control A small program that runs on your computer, instead of the server Uses ActiveX technology, a set of object-oriented technologies by Microsoft Next p.15.32

What are some special effects that can be added with scripts, applets, servlets, and ActiveX controls? counter Tracks the number of visitors to a Web site Add multimedia effects animated graphics scrolling messages calendars advertisements Include interactive capabilities cookies shopping carts games counters image maps processing forms image map A graphical image that points to a URL When you click a certain part of the graphical image, your Web browser sends the coordinates of the clicked location to the Web server, which in turn locates the corresponding URL Next p.15.32

What is a processing form? Collects data from visitors to a Web site, who fill in blank fields and then click a button that sends the information Activates with a script or applet Next p Fig

What is the common gateway interface (CGI)? The communications standard that defines how a Web server communicates with outside sources The program that manages the sending and receiving across the CGI is a CGI script, or CGI program You can download CGI programs from the Web, purchase them, or write your own Click to view Web Link then click CGI Programs Next p.15.33

How does a CGI program work? Web server Step 3: When a user submits a request, it is sent to the CGI program. The CGI program contacts the database and requests information for the user. In this case, it looks for a movie titled Secret Garden. Step 1: Programmer stores CGI program in a special folder on the Web server, such as /cgi-bin. Step 4: The CGI program receives information from the database, assembles it in an HTML format, and sends it to the user’s Web browser. Step 2: Webmaster creates a link between CGI program and Web page. When a user displays the Web page, the CGI program automatically starts. Next p Fig

What is a scripting language? An interpreted language that typically is easy to learn and use Often used to write CGI scripts Java JavaScript VBScript Perl Next p.15.34

What is Java? Developed by Sun Microsystems A compiled object-oriented programming language used to write stand-alone applications, as well as applets and servlets Source code is compiled into bytecode, instead of object code, which is executed by a Java interpreter JavaBeans or Beans Code segments used to create a Java application Platform independent Click to view Web Link then click Java Next p.15.34

How does a sample of Java code look? resulting screen Java applet code Click to view video Next p Fig

What is JavaScript? The result of a joint venture between Sun Microsystems and Netscape Communications Corporation An interpreted language that allows the programmer to add dynamic content and interactive elements to a Web page JavaScript code is inserted directly into an HTML document Much simpler than Java To run JavaScript, your browser must support it Netscape supports it Internet Explorer supports a subset called JScript open language Anyone can use it without purchasing a license Next p.15.35

How does a sample of JavaScript code look? Pop-up window made with JavaScript code JavaScript code Click to view Web Link then click javaScript Next p Fig

What are other scripting languages? VBScript (Visual Basic Scripting Edition) A subset of the Visual Basic language Allows you to add intelligence and interactivity to Web pages You embed VBScript code directly into an HTML document Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) First developed by Larry Wall at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory Originally a procedural language similar to C, but now is an interpreted scripting language Next p.15.36

What is dynamic HTML (DHTML)? A newer type of HTML Allows you to include more graphical interest and interactivity When you point to the Recreational Vehicles link, image to the right is a camper and text discusses communication from your RV When you point to the Rural Regions link, image to the right is a farmer and text discusses calling from the farm Click to view Web Link then click Dynamic HTML Next p Fig

What are features of DHTML? DHTML works by using the document object model, style sheets, and scripting languages document object model (DOM) Defines every item on a Web page as an object Allows you to change properties, such as color or size, of any or all of these objects on the Web page cascading style sheets (CSS) Contain the formats for how a particular object should display in a Web browser Next p.15.37

What are XHTML, XML, and WML? XHTML (eXtensible HTML) Includes features of HTML and XML XML (eXtensible Markup Language) Allows Web page developers to create customized tags, as well as use predefined tags Uses XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) as its style sheet specification WML (wireless markup language) Allows Web page developers to design pages specifically for microbrowsers A subset of XML Uses the wireless application protocol (WAP) Click to view Web Link then click WML Next p.15.37

What is Web page authoring software? Adobe GoLive Sometimes called an HTML editor Allows you to create sophisticated Web pages that include graphical images, video, audio, animation, and other special effects Generates HTML tags from your Web page design Lotus FastSite Macromedia Dreamweaver Macromedia Flash Microsoft FrontPage Next p.15.38

Multimedia Program Development
What is multimedia authoring software? Also called authorware Allows you to combine text, graphics, animation, audio, and video into an interactive presentation Toolbook Authorware Director Next p.15.38

How is multimedia authoring software used? Computer-based training (CBT) or computer-aided instruction (CAI) CBT software is called courseware Web-based training (WBT) Distance learning, distance education, or online learning Next p Fig

What is ToolBook? From click2learn.com, Inc. Has a graphical user interface Uses an object-oriented approach Can convent multimedia applications into HTML and Java Next p Fig

What is Authorware? magazines Software developed by Macromedia Multimedia authoring software package Provides the tools developers need to build interactive multimedia training and educational programs Powerful authoring environment for development of interactive multimedia catalogs reference titles for CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs applications for kiosks Next p.15.40

What is Director? Also from Macromedia A popular multimedia authoring program with powerful features Allows you to create highly interactive multimedia applications Includes Lingo, a built-in object-oriented scripting language An application created using Director Next p Fig

Selecting a Programming Language or Program Development Tool
What factors should be considered in selecting a programming language? 1. Standards of the organization Standards Portability Suitability Interface 2. Interface with other programs 3. Suitability of the language to the application 4. Portability to other systems Next p.15.40

Company on the Cutting Edge
Macromedia Software used by more than 1 million professional Web developers to author, produce, deliver, and analyze Web content Dreamweaver is the leading platform in 70 percent of the market Flash Player is the most widely Web-distributed software in history Nearly 20 million users have registered their copies of Shockwave Click to view Web Link then click Macromedia Next p.15.41

Summary of Program Development and Programming Languages
What is a computer program? The program development life cycle Step 1 – Analyze problem Step 2 – Design programs Step 3 – Code programs Step 4 – Test programs Step 5 – Formalize solution Step 6 – Maintain programs Programming languages and program development tools

Summary of Program Development and Programming Languages (cont.)
Categories of programming languages Object-oriented program development Programming languages Program development tools Web page program development Multimedia program development Selecting a programming language or program development tool

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