1. Historical Documents The Articles of Confederation The Northwest Ordinance The Federalists Papers Anti-Federalists Papers Bill of Rights

2. Bell Work Think about what might happen if we did not have a national government and instead each state was independent without any national control. List 5 things that you might happen Be ready to share ideas with class

3. The British Surrender at Yorktown 17,000 French and American troops surrounded the British on the Yorktown peninsula. After a month of bombarding General Cornwallis surrendered to the French and American Forces, on October 19 th, 1781

4. Treaty of Paris Peace talks that end the war in the city of Paris, France in 1782 Treaty signed in September 1783 Confirmed U.S. independence Set boundaries for the United States

5. Experimenting with Confederation As citizens of a new and independent nation, Americans had to create their own political system. After the Revolutionary War many Americans favored a republic style of government. Republic = a government in which citizens rule through their elected representatives

6. Experimenting with Confederation Many citizens feared democracy placed power in the hands of the uneducated masses Democracy = government directly by the people

7. The Articles of Confederation Created by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in 1781 Confederation = a union of independent states, an alliance The Articles set up a Congress; each state had one vote regardless of population

8. The Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation did not create a Judicial Branch, or Executive Branch There was no President Power was divided between state and national governments

9. The Articles of Confederation National Governments Powers Declare War Make Peace Sign Treaties Borrow Money Set the Standards for coins, weights and measurements Established a postal service

10. Problems with The Articles of Confederation Amending the Articles was difficult; took consensus from all 13 states Congress had no ability to raise money, it had to ask states for money

11. The Articles of Confederation Successes The Articles of Confederation Successes Land Ordinance of 1787 – Plan for surveying land Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – Procedure for dividing the land into no fewer than three and no more than five states Northwest Ordinance also set requirements for the admission of new states

13. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 New States 1. Ohio 2. Indiana 3. Illinois 4. Michigan 5. Wisconsin

15. 5 Major Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation 5 Major Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation 1. A weak national government 2. Congress could not tax or regulate trade 3. One vote per state no matter the size of the population or land size 4. The national government did not have an executive or judicial branch 5. No common currency among the states

16. Other weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Congress could not enact and collect taxes Each state had only one vote in Congress, regardless of population Nine out of thirteen states needed to agree to pass important laws Articles could be amended only if all states approved

17. Other weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation There was no executive branch to enforce laws of Congress There was no national court system to settle legal disputes There were thirteen separate states that lacked national unity

18. Creating a New Government Articles of Confederation only lasted from 1781-1789 There were too many weaknesses to run an effective national government Federalism – power is divided between a national government and several state governments.

19. U.S. Constitution mini-lecture The Constitutional Convention met in 1787 to draft a new Constitution One of the biggest debates at the Constitutional Convention was over representation The Great Compromise 1. 2 Senators / State 2. 1 representative /30,000 people 3. Three-Fifths of a state’s slaves to be counted as part of the population

20. U.S. Constitution mini-lecture Federalists = supporters of the Constitution 1. favored the balance of power between the states and the national government Antifederalists = opponents of the Constitution 1. opposed having a strong central government

21. Antifederalists Anti-Federalists thought that the solution was not good enough. They wanted more representation. They worried that 1 person could not adequately represent 30,000 people. Federalists disagreed.

22. WAR OF WORDS / The Federalist A Series of 85 essays defending the Constitution Written by three influential supporters of ratification 1. Alexander Hamilton 2. James Madison 3. John Jay

23. WAR OF WORDS / Letters from the Federal Farmer New Constitution was that it contained no guarantee that the government would protect the rights of the people or the states. Fought aggressively for the Bill of Rights; Individuals protections from the federal government

24. Ratification After the Constitution was written, it had to be ratified by 9 states. The Anti-Federalists lost the battle, but won the war. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution—the Bill of Rights—were ratified in 1791. These addressed many of the issues that the Anti-Federalists raised in the conventions.