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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 17 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Circulation Powered by the pumping action of the heart Functions of blood Carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and hormones Helps body regulate temperature Blood volume Males: 5 – 6 liters Females: 4 – 5 liters
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: Composition of Blood Contains cellular and liquid components A specialized connective tissue Blood cells – formed elements Plasma – fluid portion and fibrinogen Hematocrit – measure of % RBC Males: 47% ± 5% Females: 42% ± 5%
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview: Composition of Blood Figure 17.1
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Plasma Straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood Approximately 90% water Contains Ions – Na + and Cl - Nutrients – Sugars, amino acids, lipids, wastes, and proteins Three main proteins Albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Formed Elements Blood cells Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets Staining of blood cells Acidic dye – eosin – stains pink Basic dye – methylene blue – stains blue and purple
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17.2b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Oxygen-transporting cells – 7.5 µm in diameter (diameter of capillary 8 – 10mm) Most numerous of the formed elements Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/cubic millimeter Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/cubic millimeter Have no organelles or nuclei
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Hemoglobin – oxygen-carrying protein Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area Why is this important? Live 100 – 120 days Originate in the bone marrow
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Erythrocyte Figure 17.3
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs) 4,800 – 11,000/cubic millimeter Protect the body from infectious microorganisms Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue Diapedesis – circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leukocytes – White Blood Cells (WBCs) Two types of leukocytes Granulocytes Agranulocytes Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Relative Percentages of the Different Types of Leukocytes Figure 17.5
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Granulocytes Neutrophils – most numerous WBC Phagocytize and destroy bacteria Nucleus – has two to six lobes Granules pick up acidic and basic stains Figure 17.4a
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eosinophils – compose 1 – 4% of all WBCs Play roles in Ending allergic reactions, parasitic infections Figure 17.4b
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Granulocytes Basophils – about 0.5% of all leukocytes Nucleus – usually two lobes Granules secrete histamines Function in inflammation mediation Similar in function to mast cells Figure 17.4c
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranulocytes Lymphocytes – compose 20 – 45% of WBCs The most important cells of the immune system Nucleus – stains dark purple Effective in fighting infectious organisms Act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen) Figure 17.4d
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranulocytes Two main classes of lymphocyte T cells – attack foreign cells directly B cells – multiply to become plasma cells Secrete antibodies
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Agranulocytes Monocytes – compose 4–8% of WBCs The largest leukocytes Nucleus – kidney shaped Transform into macrophages Phagocytic cells Figure 17.4e
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Platelets Cell fragments Break off from megakaryocytes Function in clotting of blood
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary of Formed Elements Table 17.1
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Cell Formation Hematopoiesis – process by which blood cells are formed 100 billion new blood cells formed each day
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis Bone marrow – located within all bones Red marrow – actively generates new blood cells Contains immature erythrocytes Remains in epiphyses, girdles, and axial skeleton
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis Yellow marrow – dormant Contains many fat cells Located in the long bones of adults Tissue framework for red marrow Reticular connective tissue
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation All blood cells originate in bone marrow All originate from one cell type Blood stem cell (pluripotential hematopoeitic stem cell) Lymphoid stem cells Give rise to lymphocytes Myeloid stem cells Give rise to all other blood cells
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation Genesis of erythrocytes Committed cells are proerythroblasts Remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1–2 days in circulation Make up about 1–2% of all erythrocytes
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation Formation of leukocytes Granulocytes form from myeloblasts Monoblasts enlarge and form monocytes Platelet-forming cells from megakaryoblasts Break apart into platelets
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stages of Differentiation of Blood Cells Figure 17.8
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders of the Blood Disorders of erythrocytes Polycythemia Abnormal excess of erythrocytes Anemia Erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders of the Blood Disorders of erythrocytes (continued) Sickle cell disease Inherited condition Results from a defective hemoglobin molecule Erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape Hemachromatosis Inherited Abnormal excess of iron
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders of the Blood Disorders of leukocytes Leukemia – a form of cancer Classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic Disorders of platelets Thrombocytopenia Abnormally low concentration of platelets
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Blood Throughout Life First blood cells develop with the earliest blood vessels Mesenchyme cells cluster into blood islands Late in the second month Liver and spleen take over blood formation Bone marrow becomes major hematopoietic organ at month 7
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