Literature Survey, Literature Comprehension, & Literature Review

Literature Survey, Literature Comprehension, & Literature Review

Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction

Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Literature Review

Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Literature Review
Design

Design Chapter 4. Development

Evaluation Chapter 3. Design Chapter 4. Development

Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 6. Conclusions and
Future Work Chapter 2. Literature Review Chapter 5. Evaluation Chapter 3. Design Chapter 4. Development

Thesis Structure Consider these as “logical chapters”, that is to say they might represent a number of physical chapters or a single section For example, “Chapter 2”, the Literature Review chapter might consist of a chapter on Knowledge Management, a separate chapter on Knowledge Elicitation Or for example, “Chapter 5”, the Evaluation Chapter might just exist as a section in the Conclusions and Future Work chapter.

Thesis Structure Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 6. Conclusions and
Future Work Chapter 2. Literature Review Chapter 5. Evaluation Chapter 3. Design Chapter 4. Development

Mirroring of Chapters Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 6.
Conclusions and Future Work Chapter 2. Literature Review Chapter 5. Evaluation Chapter 3. Design Chapter 4. Development

Mirroring of Chapters All of the main points raised in the Introduction chapter should be addressed in the Conclusions chapter. All of the main sections in the Research Method (or Design) chapter should appear in the Data Analysis (or Experiment) chapter. All of the main sections in the Literature Review chapter should be re-discussed in the Data Findings (or Reflections) chapter.

Introduction to Literature

Introduction Finding out what is happening in your area of research is a vital step along your journey to discovery, to find and understand how leading researchers in your field have tackled similar problems and the results they obtained, shortcomings they observed and methodologies they employed are the goals of the literature review process.

Introduction Additionally the literature reviews serves other purposes; It shares the reader with other studies closely related to your work It relates your work to the larger, ongoing dialogue in the literature It shows how your study is filling in gaps and extending prior studies. It provides a framework for establishing the importance of your study It provides a benchmark for comparing the results of your study with other findings

Introduction ...in other words...

Introduction ...the literature review...

...is really, really important.
Introduction ...is really, really important.

2D Analysis The objective of this process is to systematically analyse the existing research and classify it in one of two dimensions. The breadth of the review is concerned with ‘setting the scene’, in terms of describing the foundational research in this particular domain, there will be research mentioned from each of the areas you have included in your spider diagram. The depth of the research concerns itself with the particular topic work that your research will be built upon. There should be approximately the same number of research papers covered in the depth and breath of the research review.

Examples Let’s look at three examples Knowledge Management
Information Technology Assistive Technology

2D Analysis Breadth of Research Depth of Research

2D Analysis Breadth of Research

Knowledge Management Example

Maps Knowledge Sharing Agile Methods Web 2.0 Elicitation Decision Support

Maps Knowledge Sharing Agile Methods Web 2.0 Elicitation Decision Support Breadth of Domain

Maps Knowledge Sharing Agile Methods Web 2.0 Elicitation Decision Support Breadth of Domain Indicate your awareness of the broader field, and you know where your specific topic fits into the domain

Probst Nonaka Ruggles Bhatt Davenport Eppler Wiig Prusak Gurteen

Web 2.0

Probst Nonaka Ruggles Bhatt Davenport Eppler Wiig Prusak Gurteen Web 2.0

Probst Nonaka Ruggles Bhatt Davenport Eppler Wiig Prusak Gurteen O’Reilly McAfee Miller Web 2.0 Eggers Knorr Grossman

Web 2.0

Knowledge Sharing

Knowledge Maps

Elicitation

Agile Methods

Decision Support

Knowledge Maps Knowledge Sharing Agile Methods Web 2.0 Elicitation Decision Support

Information Technology Example

Image Synthesis Computer Architecture Networks Databases Assistive Technology Agent Development

Image Synthesis Computer Architecture Networks Databases Assistive Technology Agent Development Breadth of Domain

Image Synthesis Computer Architecture Networks Databases Assistive Technology Agent Development Breadth of Domain Indicate your awareness of the broader field, and you know where your specific topic fits into the domain

Knuth Wirth Hoare Naur von Neumann Dijkstra Turing Moore Boehm

Databases

Knuth Wirth Hoare Naur von Neumann Dijkstra Turing Moore Boehm Databases

Knuth Wirth Hoare Naur von Neumann Dijkstra Turing Moore Boehm Date Codd Gray Databases Boyce Pipes Epstein

Databases

Image Synthesis

Networks

Agent Development

Comp Architecture

Assistive Tech

Image Synthesis Comp Architecture Networks Databases Assistive Tech Agent Development

Assistive Technology Example

Hardware Accessibility Usability Universal Design AAC MPT

Hardware Accessibility Usability Universal Design AAC MPT Breadth of Domain

Hardware Accessibility Usability Universal Design AAC MPT Breadth of Domain Indicate your awareness of the broader field, and you know where your specific topic fits into the domain

Schaff Lahm Meyer Lee Scherer Rose Cain Swann Adlam

Universal Design

Schaff Lahm Meyer Lee Scherer Rose Cain Swann Adlam Universal Design

Schaff Lahm Meyer Lee Scherer Rose Cain Swann Adlam Mace Story Ostroff Universal Design Mueller Dolan Preiser

Universal Design

Hardware

Usability

MPT

Accessibility

AAC

Hardware Accessibility Usability Universal Design AAC MPT

The Literature Review To made things clear, we divide the Literature Review into three parts:

The Literature Review To made things clear, we divide the Literature Review into three parts: Literature Survey

The Literature Review To made things clear, we divide the Literature Review into three parts: Literature Survey Literature Comprehension

The Literature Review To made things clear, we divide the Literature Review into three parts: Literature Survey Literature Comprehension Literature Review

The Literature Review To made things clear, we divide the Literature Review into three parts: Literature Survey Collecting the literature Literature Comprehension Literature Review

The Literature Review To made things clear, we divide the Literature Review into three parts: Literature Survey Collecting the literature Literature Comprehension Understanding the literature Literature Review

The Literature Review To made things clear, we divide the Literature Review into three parts: Literature Survey Collecting the literature Literature Comprehension Understanding the literature Literature Review Reviewing the literature

The Literature Survey

Literature Survey The literature survey is the process of identifying and acquiring the research papers, textbooks, web-sites, theses, etc. that you will require to get a comprehensive overview of the research that has been done in the area that you are investigating. A focused survey technique is recommended to ensure you ‘hit the ground running’ and using this technique you are almost immediately in a position to implement experiments.

Literature Survey Recording the papers you have found and read is also of vital importance, and techniques and software available for these tasks are also covered in this section. If you know the exact domain of your research it makes sense to initially focus your search on papers that relate (almost) exactly to your own research, rather than spending a great deal of time reading every paper under the sun that seems remotely relevant.

Literature Survey A vital step is to identify KEYWORDS

Literature Survey e.g. you are doing research on Communities of practice What other keywords do we need to look out for?

Literature Survey e.g. you are doing research on Communities of practice What other keywords do we need to look out for? Network of practice Virtual community Virtual Ethnography Virtual team Community-driven knowledge management

Literature Survey You need to get a notebook that you carry with you, and list all the keywords in there. Use that to record ideas you have about your research. Use it to record details of meetings with your supervisor. Insert any useful newspaper articles, pictures, etc. that help.

Literature Survey Using these keywords, go to the library and go online and look for journal papers, books, conference papers, etc. that are relevant. Just using Google is insufficient, you need to search in the real world as well.

Literature Survey What does peer-reviewed mean?
When you submit a research paper, a number of people will read the paper and give feedback/corrections on it. The people who review it will be as expert as you are in the field of research (and as such are your peers). Some conferences only get one person to review a paper, others get two, others more – the more people that review conference papers, the more prestigious the conference is, since the papers in it are bound to be of very quality. Journal papers are normally reviewed by several people, and are considered very credible.

Good Sources ? Credibility Journal Papers Conference Papers Textbooks
Other Books Company Whitepapers Company Websites Blogs Wikis Credibility

Literature Survey What are some good journals?

Who are ACM ? The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, is a learned society for computing. It was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational computing society. Its membership is more than 92,000 as of ACM is organized into over 170 local chapters and 35 Special Interest Groups (SIGs), through which it conducts most of its activities. Many of the SIGs, like SIGGRAPH, SIGPLAN, SIGCSE and SIGCOMM, sponsor regular conferences which have become famous as the dominant venue for presenting new innovations in certain fields. The groups also publish a large number of specialized journals, magazines, and newsletters.

ACM SIGs SIGACCESS - Accessible Computing
SIGACT - Algorithms and Computation Theory SIGAda - Ada Programming Language SIGAPP - Applied Computing SIGARCH - Computer Architecture SIGART - Artificial Intelligence SIGBED - Embedded Systems SIGCAS - Computers and Society SIGCHI - Computer-Human Interaction SIGCOMM - Data Communication SIGCSE - Computer Science Education SIGDA - Design Automation SIGDOC - Design of Communication SIGecom - Electronic Commerce SIGEVO - Genetic and Evolutionary Computation SIGGRAPH - Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques SIGIR - Information Retrieval SIGITE - Information Technology Education SIGKDD - Knowledge Discovery in Data SIGMETRICS - Measurement and Evaluation SIGMICRO - Microarchitecture SIGMIS - Management Information Systems SIGMM - Multimedia SIGMOBILE - Mobility of Systems, Users, Data and Computing SIGMOD - Management of Data SIGOPS - Operating Systems SIGPLAN - Programming Languages SIGSAC - Security, Audit and Control SIGSAM - Symbolic and Algebraic Manipulation SIGSIM - Simulation and Modeling SIGSOFT - Software Engineering SIGSPATIAL - SIGSPATIAL SIGUCCS - University and College Computing Services SIGWEB - Hypertext, Hypermedia and Web

Who else ? Another significant group are IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) called “eye-triple-e” is a professional organization for the advancement of technology, it also publishes a number journals, including IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering

IEEE Transactions IEEE Computational intelligence and AI
IEEE Transactions on Computers IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence IEEE Transactions on Services Computing IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing IEEE Transactions on Haptics IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing IEEE Transactions on Multimedia IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking

Literature Survey And any good research sites ?

Google Scholar

WebLens http://www.weblens.org/scholar.html

INFOMINE

Gartner

Literature Survey Searching the Web

Literature Survey But remember:
If you just search for “Community of practice” you will miss out on: Network of practice Virtual community Virtual Ethnography Virtual team Community-driven knowledge management

PROBLEMS WITH USING A SEARCH ENGINE AS THE SOLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION
acronyms pseudo-synonyms, or false synonyms single-concept principle hyponyms antonyms neologisms phraseologism PROBLEMS WITH USING A SEARCH ENGINE AS THE SOLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION quasi-synonyms, or near-synonyms hypernyms Cross- references collocation monosemy tautonyms synonyms polysemy abbreviations

Finding Research online
Effective Searching Let us consider searching for information relating to 'Project-Based Learning' The Hyphen The first thing to note is the hyphen between the words 'Project' and 'Based', will every web-page relating to this subject have the hyphen in it, or will some just leave it out. If you just leave it out the search engines will find the phrase with or without the hyphen.

So the first search to try is "Project Based Learning" if this returns 10,000 links then try "Project Based Learning" "PhD Thesis" "Project Based Learning" "Masters Thesis“ “Project Based Learning” “Masters Thesis” Declaration this may return PhD or Masters thesis on the subject you require information on.

To find other 'good' pages relating to your subject matter, try "Project Based Learning Link*" for "PBL Links" or "PBL Link Page" "Project Based Learning Portal*" for "PBL Portal" or "PBL Portal Page" "Project Based Learning Webring*" for "PBL Webring" or "PBL Webrings" "Project Based Learning FAQ*" for "PBL FAQ"or "PBL FAQs" or "PBL FAQL"or "PBL FAQLs"

If you are looking for papers relating to "Project Based Learning", try "Project Based Learning" Bibliography "Project Based Learning" Literature Review "Project Based Learning" Literature Survey "Project Based Learning" Overview "Project Based Learning" “A Roadmap” Unlike the previous section where we were looking for 'good' pages and put the entire phrase in double quotes, in this section we are only putting the subject matter we are investigating in quotes and the rest of the terms are free text, in this way we can find pages which may not be titled, for example, "Project Based Learning Bibliography", but may be a bibliography which contain references to Project Based Learning.

If you are looking for a more specific topic, for example, "The Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning", try "Impact of the Web on Project Based Learning" (unlikely) "Project Based Learning" overview web "Project Based Learning" survey web "Project Based Learning" review web "Project Based Learning" assessment web

Also consider web-sites which will be using the acronym for "Project Based Learning" so try "PBL" "P.B.L." Consider the acronym for "Virtual Learning Environments", it could be "VLE"or "VLEs"or "V.L.E."or "V.L.E.s"or "V.L.Es", so try "VLE*" "V.L.E*"

Literature Survey Here is a good tip:

Literature Survey Find an up-to-date thesis that is closely related to your research question (your supervisor should be able to help you with this, if not, search the web) and use this as a launch pad to your research This is a very useful starting point since it will give you an immediate overview of your research field.

Some Considerations When Using A Thesis As A Starting Point
Regional Variations : Different countries, different regions and even different universities have differing standards for their dissertations, so, whilst the dissertation is a useful starting point, it can only be considered as such, and is not a template for your own work. Correspondence of Research : The dissertation that you are using should have a significant overlap with your own research, but there are bound to be differences, therefore, your own literature review will be very different to the one you have found, since yours is aimed at highlighting the ‘gap’ that you wish to address. Quality of Research : The quality of the dissertation is something you will need to consider, how comprehensive is this person’s work ? Have they missed any important papers or major blocks of research ?

Literature Survey Bibliography Software:

Zotero Free

BibTeX Free

Pybliographer Free

Biblioscape

EndNote EndNote web is free.

Mendeley

Reference Manager

Literature Survey When have you found enough papers?

Literature Survey When have you found enough papers?
There is no hard-and-fast rule, but my own suggestion is about 50 papers – you don’t have to review them yet, just have them printed out in a pile.

Literature Comprehension

The literature comprehension is the process of reading and understanding the research found in the survey process.

You’ve found 50 papers, now what are you going to do with them ?

You’ve found 50 papers, now what are you going to do with them ? The first thing to do is to divide them into piles based on sub-topics within your research, so some papers might be about the overall themes and others might be about specific issues.

Now start to read them, I suggest ten sittings, reading five papers in each sitting.

You will be freaked out after reading the first five papers, you will be deluged with new terminology, models and approaches. The important thing is to hang in there, don’t get overwhelmed by it all, just read them, and make a note of all new terms, models and approaches…

…in your notebook

Don’t get overwhelmed by it all, the more papers you read, the less new terms you will be encountering, the more of an expert you will become. You are also adding to your keyword search list.

The first ten papers are the worst, once you are over that hurdle, you will find the rest much easier. Also in your notebook write down any nice phrases used in the papers, any interesting approaches to the experiments and any nice display of results.

Also don’t be afraid to ask for help – from your supervisor or other people. The process of reading and trying to understand complex research can sometimes be a discouraging one, but a systematic approach to tackling this is best.

Part of the process might be that you have to do a simple replica of an experiment described in the research to fully understand it. That’s alright, because with all the simulation and prototyping software now available, that’s not as hard as it used to be.

Active Reading: It is very important to read new research in an active manner, you shouldn’t just skim read the material, but understand what you are reading, as you are reading it. It may be necessary to re-read a sentence, one phrase at a time, or one word at a time until the meaning is evident. It may be the case that you will have to consult some reference source to confirm the meaning of terminology, this being the case, it is only logical to keep reference material close to hand (textbooks, the internet, dictionaries, etc.)

To help you in this process, I’ve created a checksheet with some friends that have questions you should consider after reading a paper:

THE QUESTIONS ARE: What type of article is it? What is the main issue/problem being discussed? Skim read – what could your dissertation gain by including this article? What is the article’s contribution to knowledge? How can this information be integrated into your review? Compare and contrast to similar articles – for or against/ or an extension of the literature? Are there recommendations for further research? Where is the article placed in your field? Famous author? Is the article well written, interesting and easy to read? Is there a clear research question – can it be tested? What methods are used to carry out research Is the design appropriate for testing the stated hypothesis? What are the limitations of the design/research methods? Are there aspects of the design that could be applied to your work? Are the results well displayed and clear? Are the results in keeping with the design? Are the implications of the study clear? Have the results been appropriately discussed?

Literature Review Research Question Experiment Results
Also for each paper consider the relationship between the Research Question, the Experiment, and the Results.

A typical research paper (from a conference or journal) consists of the following parts; Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results and Bibliography.

Literature Map You are going to have to put some structure on the literature, one suggestion is to create a literature map. Write the title of your research on top, and the main topics relevant to your research underneath, now associate the papers you are reading with each of the topics.

Literature Map

Literature Review

Literature Review The literature review is the process of consolidating the various strands of past research into a single narrative describing the evolution of the research domain.

Literature Review There are checklists provided to assist you in this task, one that deals with the evaluation of a research paper we ave already seen, and the other which deals with questions to reflect upon regarding the overall structure of the literature review chapter in a dissertation.

Literature Review Literature Review Chapter

Literature Review The questions of this checksheet are:
Has the student laid the foundations for his/her work– why it is important that they pursue their topic? Have they been able to show a gap in the literature (more important for PhDs but still a good idea)? Is the nature/type of the research clear? Is the work well written, interesting and easy to read? Does the literature review read like a list of studies or does it build their point/arguments. Is the work simply a repeat or cut and paste of other’s work? Are key researchers and important works included? Examples of other good literature surveys? Have they set out orthogonal issues? Has research been examined for both content and methods? Have studies been compared and contrasted? Has the literature been extended? Has the student been critical in all areas of the research (design) and not just examined the results? Is it ‘a students’ literature review – aimed at supporting their research, rather than just being ‘a’ review of ‘the’ literature? Is each section important? Do they explain how that topic contributes to building a cohesive argument/point Has the work explored what methods are used to carry out research in other studies? Are the limitations of the design/research methods discussed? Are there recommendations for further research?

Literature Review The underlying (or hidden) theme of the narrative is to show that there is a ‘gap’ in the existing research and how your work will address this problem.

Literature Review The review itself is the final piece of the puzzle, it is a matter of tying together all the previous research that you have found and reviewed, and producing an artifact that is not just all those reviews put together, but a coherent and cohesive narrative of the research to date, and a narrative that points to a ‘gap’ in the research that your work intends to fill. It also contextualises the work in the broader research scope.

Literature Review The first step in this process is to consider each article that you have reviewed, is it significant enough to go into the review ? How do you evaluate that ? The answer is simple ; does it help build towards the ‘gap’ in the research you are identifying ? or to put it another way, could you take this article out and it wouldn’t make any difference ?

Literature Review The articles should group together into research trends so you should list the articles by this grouping and see which ones are important. Your literature map will help with identifying the key themes. The review does not have to be in chronological order, but rather in the order the most clearly shows the trends in this field.

Literature Review Remember that writing is not necessarily a linear process, write what sections you know about, when you know about them. As with all of the writing that you will be doing for you dissertation, there will be many drafts of the literature review chapter, so it is best to write far too much first and then you can cut down, therefore you should include many of the questions for each article in the first draft of your work and chip away at it a piece at a time.

Literature Review I recommend a “5 by 5” approach.
Five by five I recommend a “5 by 5” approach. Read five papers, and the accompanying checksheets, now write five lines about each paper (note: not five sentences, five lines of font size 12 text). Do this ten times.

Literature Review The research should be seen as the zenith of the cumulative process of the scientific research that has already been done. Then the process becomes a matter of making these disparate stories into one single narrative, with one theme : there is something missing in the research to date that you are going to address.

Literature Review The structure of the literature review will be the same as that of any document, it has a beginning, middle and end.

Literature Review The beginning or introduction will introduce the main research topics and provide definitions for key concepts that are important to your research – definitions that support your approach taken in the research.

Literature Review The end or conclusion will be that there has been a great deal of work done in this area, but there is a gap in the work that your research will address.

Literature Review The middle part of the literature review, can be presented in a number of ways, depending on your personal preferences, the main research trends must be discussed, key researchers must be identified, and the work must spiral from its research beginnings towards the research gap that you are going to fill.

Literature Review The general research topics you discuss must lead logically to the specific research that you are undertaking. So if we go back to the T-Shaped structure:

2D Analysis Breadth of Research Depth of Research Finding your “eye of
the storm” Depth of Research

Literature Review It may be the case that the trends in the research in your domain fall into two opposing camps, the for-and-against type paradigm, This being the case, whichever side your work is on, make sure that you present the merits of each side, this gives your readers a balanced view of the domain, and gives them the impression of a researcher who can take a sophisticated perspective on matters.

Literature Review Let’s look at a simple example:

Literature Review TEXT: “Although little research has been done on the influence of movies on the public perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science, for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.” REFERENCES: Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna. Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland (NUI), Maynooth, Ireland. Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008, Cancun, Mexico.

Literature Review Citations
TEXT: “Although little research has been done on the influence of movies on the public perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science, for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.” REFERENCES: Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna. Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland (NUI), Maynooth, Ireland. Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008, Cancun, Mexico. Citations

Literature Review Citations
TEXT: “Although little research has been done the influence of movies on the public perception of hacking, researchers have investigated other topics in computer science, for example, Bartneck (2004) looks at how movies represent robots and robotics and in particular how these movies help contribute to the general public’s behaviours to real-life robots. Similarly Schmitz et al. (2008) look at models of computer interfaces presented in movies, and considers the viability of such interfaces in real-life. Also, Fisher (2001) looks at how artificial intelligence has been represented in the movies and how this may impact on the public perception of artificial intelligences. In general the public perception of computer science is strongly influenced by movie representations.” REFERENCES: Bartneck, C. (2004). From Fiction to Science - A Cultural Reflection on Social Robots" in proceedings of the CHI2004 Workshop on Shaping Human-Robot Interaction, Vienna. Fisher, R. (2001) “AI and Cinema - Does Artificial Insanity Rule?”, Twelfth Irish Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, National University of Ireland (NUI), Maynooth, Ireland. Schmitz, M., Endres, C., Butz, A. (2008) "A Survey of Human-Computer Interaction Design in Science Fiction Movies", Second International Conference on Intelligent Technologies for Interactive Entertainment (ICST INTETAIN ’08). January 8-10, 2008, Cancun, Mexico. Citations References

How to cite The correct way to cite Please note:
one author is (Smith, 2005) two authors is (Smith and Jones, 2005) multiple authors is (Smith et al., 2005) Please note: Since “et al.” is an abbreviation of the phrase “et alia” the full stop is necessary. Additionally as it is a foreign phrase it must always be in italics.

How to cite Allow me to repeat that last bit, since no one seems to do it correctly: Please note: Since “et al.” is an abbreviation of the phrase “et alia” the full stop is necessary. Additionally as it is a foreign phrase it must always be in italics.

et al.

Literature Review

Literature Survey, Literature Comprehension, & Literature Review

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Literature Survey, Literature Comprehension, & Literature Review

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