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4. 3 Contents CHAPTER FOCUS SECTION 1Land and Government SECTION 2The Nobility SECTION 3Knighthood SECTION 4The Manor CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER ASSESSMENT Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

5. 4 Chapter 24 discusses the development of feudal society in western Europe after the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire.  –Section 1 describes the origins of feudalism.  –Section 2 discusses the feudal social hierarchy.  –Section 3 describes the duties of feudal knights.  –Section 4 explains the lifestyles of the people in feudal society and the organization of the manors. Chapter Focus 1 Overview Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

6. 5 Chapter Focus 2 Objectives explain why feudalism developed in western Europe.  After studying this chapter, you will be able to: describe what roles were played by lords and vassals.  discuss a knight’s duties.  describe manor life. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

7. 6 Chapter Focus 2 Read to Discover Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 367 of your textbook. Why feudalism developed in western Europe  What roles were played by lords and vassals  What the duties of a knight were  What life was like on a manor

8. 7 page  squire  dubbing  tournaments  joust  manors  seneschal  bailiff  freemen Terms to Learn Chapter Focus 3 feudalism  clergy  fiefs  vassal  act of homage  knight  castles  keep  ladies  code of chivalry  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click the Speaker On button to listen to the words.

9. 8 Central government collapsed after the death of King Charlemagne. As the Vikings invaded western European kingdoms, local nobles took over the duty of raising armies and protecting their property. Power passed from kings to local lords, giving rise to a system known as feudalism. Under feudalism, landowning nobles governed and protected the people in exchange for services, such as fighting in a noble’s army or farming the land. The clergy, or religious leaders, also owned land and held power. Members of the clergy taught Christianity, helped the poor and sick, and advised the nobles who belonged to the Church. With western Europe divided into thousands of feudal territories, the Church served as a unifying force and exerted a strong influence over the culture of the Middle Ages. Chapter Focus 4 Why It’s Important Click the Speaker On button replay audio.

10. End of Chapter Focus

11. 10 Section 1-1 Land and Government During feudal times, power was based on the ownership of land.  Charles Martel, the Frankish leader, began giving his soldiers fiefs, or estates, as rewards.  From their fiefs, the soldiers got the income they needed to buy horses and battle equipment.  After 800, the kings of Europe followed Martel’s example, tying land ownership to military service and resulting in power and wealth for soldiers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1 begins on page 367 of your textbook.

12. 11 Section 1-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. After Charlemagne’s death in 814, Europe had no central government and very weak kings.  Around 900, the nobles took on the duty of protecting their land and people from the Vikings with fortresses and fences.  By 1000, the kingdoms of western Europe were divided into thousands of feudal territories. The Rise of Feudal Territories

13. 12 Section 1-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The noble who owned the land had the political power, making the laws for his fief and disallowing the peasants any say in the government.  As almost everyone believed that God wanted it that way, few people tried to improve society. The Rise of Feudal Territories (cont.)

14. 13 Section 1-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Feudalism was based on ties of loyalty and duty among nobles, who were both lords and vassals, or nobles who served a lord of higher rank.  The tie between lord and vassal was made official in a special ceremony known as the act of homage, in which the vassal promised to serve the lord.  Vassals had to help the lord in battle, make payments to their lord, and attend the lord’s court. Lord and Vassal

15. 14 Section 1-5 When a lord’s daughter married, or his son became a knight, or warrior on horseback, his vassals had to give the lord money. Lord and Vassal (cont.)

16. 15 Section 1-Assessment 1 Section Assessment How did land ownership become tied to military service? Fiefs were given to soldiers as a reward. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

17. 16 Section 1-Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) How did nobles become so powerful? Kings depended on nobles for food, horses, soldiers, and taxes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

18. 17 Section 1-Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) What were some duties of a vassal? His duty was to serve the lord in battle, make payments to the lord, become a prisoner in his place or pay his ransom, and entertain him. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

19. 18 Answers will vary. Section 1-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment What were the advantages of being a vassal? What were the disadvantages?

20. 19 Sample causes: lack of central government, the weak kings who followed Charlemagne, the increasing power of nobles, the willingness of peasants to give their land to nobles for protection against the Vikings Section 1-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Recreate the diagram on page 369 of your textbook, and use it to show some of the causes of feudalism.

21. End of Section 1

22. 21 Section 2-1 Section 2 begins on page 369 of your textbook. The Nobility From the 800s to the 1000s, nobles and their families lived in one-room wooden houses surrounded by palisades, or high wooden fences built for protection.

23. 22 Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. By the 1100s, nobles were living in stone houses, designed as fortresses, called castles.  Within the castle walls was a keep, or tall tower with thick walls, that contained a great hall, many rooms, and a dungeon.  Many people lived in the castle, including the noble’s servants and officials who were responsible for the castle’s care and defense. The Castle

24. 23 Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. When nobles were at home, they looked after their estates, went hunting and fishing, played games, and held court.  Noblewomen were called ladies.  Women were often married by 12 years of age, helped their husbands run their estates, and were expected to have and raise children. Castle Life

25. 24 Section 2-Assessment 1 Section Assessment What activities took place in the noble’s house? Nobles met with vassals, carried out laws, and said their prayers; people slept there; meals were cooked and eaten there. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

26. 25 Section 2-Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) How did the design of a castle protect people? Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

27. 26 Section 2-Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) What were the duties of a feudal noblewoman? She helped her husband run his estate, defended the castle when the men were away, raised children, took care of the household, and cared for the poor and sick. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

28. 27 Section 2-Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Drawing Conclusions What parts of castle life would you have liked? What parts would you have disliked? Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

29. 28 Section 2-Assessment 5 Section Assessment (cont.) Recreate the diagram on page 373 of your textbook, and use it to compare the living conditions of nobles before and after the rise of castles. Sample responses: Before–lived in one-room wooden houses surrounded by palisades; After–lived in stone fortresses. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

30. End of Section 2

31. 30 Section 3-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3 begins on page 373 of your textbook. Knighthood Almost all nobles earned knighthood.  Knights were expected to follow the code of chivalry, rules stating that a knight was to obey his lord, show bravery, respect women of noble birth, honor the Church, help people, and to fight fairly against his enemies.  The code of chivalry became the guide to behavior from which the western idea of good manners developed.

32. 31 Section 3-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A noble began knighthood training at seven years of age.  At the castle of another lord, he learned to be a page, or a person who helped the knights of the castle.  At 15 years old, a page became a squire and was put under the care and training of one knight. Training

33. 32 Section 3-3 If the squire proved to be a good fighter, he was rewarded by being made a knight in a special ceremony known as dubbing, in which he promised to defend the Church, his lord, and to protect the weak. Training (cont.)

34. 33 Section 3-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Knights trained for war by fighting each other in tournaments, or special contests that test strength, skill, and endurance.  The most popular event was the joust, in which two armored knights on horseback carrying dull lances galloped towards each other, trying to knock the other to the ground with his lance.  While very popular, the cost of tournaments was high. Tournaments

35. 34 Section 3- Assessment 1 Why did noble families send their sons to other castles to work as pages? They sent them to work as pages so they could receive training to become a knight. Section Assessment Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

36. 35 Section 3- Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) How did knights train for war? They trained by taking part in tournaments with events such as the joust. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

37. 36 Section 3- Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) Making Comparisons How were tournaments similar to the Olympic games in ancient Greece? How were they different? Like the Olympics, the tournaments had many events watched by many people outside. The tournaments were designed to prepare the knights for war. The Olympic Games, however, were held to honor the gods. Unlike the Olympic Games, women were allowed to view the tournaments. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

38. 37 Section 3- Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Recreate the diagram on page 375 of your textbook, and use it to show the steps leading to knighthood. Step 1–receive training as a page; Step 2–serve as a squire to a knight; Step 3– take part in the dubbing ceremony Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

39. End of Section 3

40. 39 Section 4-1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4 begins on page 375 of your textbook. The Manor Nobles, knights, and peasants all depended on the land for everything.  The land was divided into manors, or farming communities.  Manors were found on fiefs and were owned by nobles.

41. 40 Section 4-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The noble chose loyal officials to run his manor.  One official, the seneschal, tended the fiefs by visiting each regularly.  Another official was the bailiff who managed the peasants in the fields.  As poor transportation and frequent fighting isolated manors, each manor produced food, clothing, and shelter for themselves and the noble. Daily Life

42. 41 Section 4-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Freemen, or peasants who paid the noble for the right to farm, worked on a manor.  Serfs and their descendants also worked on a manor, but they were a noble’s property.  While serfs could not be driven off the land and did not have to serve in the army, they could only gain their freedom by escaping or buying their freedom.  In spite of the difficulties, a serf’s life had some bright moments. Freemen and Serfs

43. 42 Section 4-4 By the 1200s, peasants began to use a three-field system of farming, started to use a heavy iron plow, and employed the horse collar which enabled the peasants to grow more food. Freemen and Serfs (cont.)

44. 43 Section 4- Assessment 1 What were some features of a manor village? A manor village featured peasant cottages surrounded by forests, meadows, pastures, and fields; and usually had a church, mill, bread oven, and wine press. Section Assessment Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

45. 44 Section 4- Assessment 2 Section Assessment (cont.) What rights did freemen have? They had the right to move around freely. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

46. 45 Section 4- Assessment 3 Section Assessment (cont.) What did serfs contribute to the manor? They worked long hours in the fields, obeyed nobles’ wishes, and gave the noble part of their crops. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

47. 46 Section 4- Assessment 4 Section Assessment (cont.) Making Comparisons What interests did nobles and serfs have in common? Answers will vary. One common interest is that they depended on each other for survival. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

48. 47 Section 4- Assessment 5 Section Assessment (cont.) Recreate the diagram on page 378 of your textbook, and use it to show technological improvements in farming in the 1200s. Possible improvements: three-field system, use of iron plow, invention of horse collar Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

49. End of Section 4

50. 49 Some nobles began to collect their own taxes, run their own courts, coin their own money, and raise their own armies.  As the power of kings declined, the nobles took on the duty of defending their land and people from Viking attacks.  By 1000, the kingdoms of western Europe were divided into thousands of feudal territories. Chapter Summary 1 Chapter Summary & Study Guide Following Charlemagne’s death, kings began to depend on nobles for food, horses, and soldiers.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

51. 50 Chapter Summary 2 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Under feudalism, landowning nobles gave vassals land in exchange for loyalty and military service.  Knights followed the code of chivalry and trained for war by fighting in tournaments.  Fiefs were owned by nobles and worked by peasants.  Peasants included freemen and serfs. While freemen could leave the land if they wished, serfs were considered a noble’s property.

52. 51 Chapter Summary 3 Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.) By the 1200s, improvements in farming methods helped the peasants to grow more food.

53. End of Chapter Summary

54. 53 Chapter Assessment 1 Understanding the Main Idea Into what three groups were people divided under feudalism? People were divided into the clergy, the nobles, and the peasants and townspeople under feudalism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

55. 54 Chapter Assessment 2 Who held the political power within a feudal territory? The noble who owned the land held the political power. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

56. 55 Chapter Assessment 3 Who usually received a vassal’s fief when the vassal died? His oldest son usually received the fief when the vassal died. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

57. 56 Chapter Assessment 4 What was expected of a knight? A knight was expected to follow the code of chivalry. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

58. 57 Chapter Assessment 5 Why was it necessary for the people on a manor to produce everything they needed? It was necessary because the manors were isolated from one another. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

59. 58 Chapter Assessment 6 Understanding the Main Idea In what two ways could serfs obtain their freedom? Serfs could obtain their freedom by escaping to the towns for more than a year or by buying their freedom. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

60. 59 Chapter Assessment 7 What changes had taken place in farming by the 1200s? Peasants began to learn better farming methods, used the heavy iron plow, and used horses instead of slow-moving oxen to plow their fields. Understanding the Main Idea Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

61. 60 Chapter Assessment 9 What advantages would there be to being a vassal rather than a lord? Answers will vary. Advantages include that vassals had fewer responsibilities, received a fief, and had the protection of a noble. Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

62. 61 Chapter Assessment 10 Why do you think women provided the medical care in a fief? Answers will vary. It is probable that women provided the medical care because they were usually there, and medical care was considered a domestic concern. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking

63. 62 Chapter Assessment 11 What would you have enjoyed about being a knight? What would you have disliked? Answers will vary. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking

64. 63 Chapter Assessment 12 How do you think a serf’s life would be affected by the improved farming methods of the thirteenth century? Answers will vary. With the improved farming methods serfs would have more time for themselves and with more food grown, they would be healthier. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking

65. 64 Chapter Assessment 13 Human/Environmental Interaction The people of the manor made good use of their natural resources to support themselves. Predict and describe how you think manor life would have changed if a plant disease had killed all the trees in an area. Geography in History

66. 65 Chapter Assessment 14 Who is not telling the truth here? Noble 1; “The king gave this manor to my mother. Here is the paper to prove it.” Noble 2: “This is my land. I served the king in battle, was held hostage in his place, and he awarded it to me.”

67. End of Chapter Assessment

68. 67 History Online Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com

69. 68 Global Chronology 900 A.D. Nobles defend themselves against the Vikings 814 A.D. Charlemagne dies 1100s A.D. Most nobles live in stone castles 1000 A.D. Western Europe divided into feudal territories Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

70. 69 People in History 4.1 Both noble and peasant women took care of the sick, but Trotula broke with tradition by becoming a trained doctor. She studied and taught at the medical school at Salerno, Italy. Trotula specialized in the health of women and wrote a book called The Diseases of Women. Her book influenced doctors for centuries to come. Today she is considered one of Europe’s early women of science. Trotula of Salerno c. 1097 A.D. Doctor

71. 70 Fun Facts 2.1 Guests at a noble’s banquet consumed huge amounts of food. In the 1340s, Pope Clement VI gave a feast that included 13,000 birds, 1,000 sheep, 50,000 fruit pies, and 200 casks of wine. At the 1403 wedding of Henry IV of England and Joan of Navarre, the royal couple tasted about 100 separate dishes. Too much!

72. 71 Fun Facts 3.1 To identify themselves in battle, knights had individual designs, or “coats of arms,” painted on their shields and tunics. In noble families, the coat of arms passed down through the generations. The flags of some modern European nations are based on medieval coats of arms. Coats of Arms

73. 72 Fun Facts Contents 4 Peasant Life Serf Work Click a hyperlink to go to the corresponding section. Press the ESC key at any time to exit the presentation.

74. 73 Fun Facts 4.1 A typical peasant’s cottage had one door that opened into a central room with a pressed dirt floor. Often a number of animals–piglets, ducklings, cats, and hens–shared the space with a married couple and their children. In cold weather, a cow might be brought inside to the warmth of the fire. Peasant Life

75. 74 Fun Facts 4.2 A monk at Canterbury recorded an English serf’s account of his day: “I work very hard. I go out at dawn, driving the oxen to the field, and I yoke them to the plough. However hard the winter, I dare not stay home for fear of my master.” Serf Work

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