1. South African Case Study Richtersveld National Park: a contractual park within the rangelands of a traditional pastoralist community

2. Location of communal areas in Namaqualand, Northern Cape, South Africa History: Missionary settlements to secure access for indigenous people in colonial times Coloured reserves during apartheid period under control of Government Post 1994: process of transfer to municipal or common property associations

3. Location of National Parks and provincial reserves in Namaqualand

4. Richtersveld National Park Established 1991: Schedule 4 Contractual National Park Managed by Joint Management committee:  5 from Richtersveld community including one livestock owner  4 from SANParks  4 meetings/year History of dissent over who represents community Latest: Common Property Association recognised as legal representative of community !Park contract illegal !Park Management Plan illegal

6. Africa: the focus on pristine Europe: transformed landscapes part of conservation Conservation in the peopled environment

7. Trends in South African conservation options Game reserves Single species conservation Biodiversity conservation Biodiversity and cultural conservation Conservation in the peopled environment

8. People and their animals have been around for a long time People’s interactions with environment have increased heterogeneity People are dependent on conservation of ecosystem processes Conservation of the peopled environment

9. People in conservation Hampered by perceptions that the interests and agendas of conservation and people are partially or completely in conflict People seen as an obstacle to efficient and rational organisation of resource use

10. Natural Resource Use

11. Rangeland policies developed from a three layered conceptual model: Land degradation Tragedy of the commons narratives Modernisation model

12. Assumption: Due diligence in application of policies based on these assumptions will lead to: Increased prosperity Improved rangeland condition Destocking Modern range management Improved breeding Controlled access to land Improved marketing Commercialisation Why does this development model fail time and again?

13. Animal numbers must be reduced and modern range management practices adopted LAND DEGRADATION African pastoral ecosystems are equilibrial Potentially stable systems are frequently destabilised by improper use Adherence to recommended stocking rate will return systems to a more productive state

14. Tragedy of the Commons Access to communal areas is without regulation – free for all Livestock keepers actions are motivated by selfish interests Livestock keepers have economic objectives Livestock keepers lack necessary skills

15. Modernisation Model Shift from: Subsistence to commercial agriculture Communal tenure to private ownership Traditional institutions to modern ones (endogenous to external) -o- Expert knowledge based

16. “….it is vital that conservation practitioners understand not only the human impact on environment but also how that environment is constructed, represented, claimed and contested” “a critical perspective alert to matters of culture, power and history can lead to conservation practices that are both more effective and more just” Brosius 2006

17. Thank you