1. Warmup
True or False:
In India today, dowry deaths are virtually non-existent.
Chinese living in Mexicali, Mexico are prohibited from owning commercial or service businesses.
Rural Africa is demographically male dominated.

2. Warmup
What is a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women?
What is identity?
In parts of Asia, who migrates from rural areas to travel to cities to earn wages in order to support younger siblings?

3. What were the riots in Los Angeles in 1992 about?
Rodney King was beaten by a majority of white officers during his arrest.
This beating was shown on video.
The officers were found not guilty.

4. Warmup
What groups make up 65% of NYC’s Hispanics?

5. Identity: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality
Chapter 5

6. What is Gender?
Gender – “a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.”
- Domosh and Seager

7. Identity Identity – “how we make sense of ourselves” – Rose
How do we establish identities? - we construct our identities through experiences, emotions connections, and rejections.
An identity is a snapshot of who we are at a point in time
Identities are fluid, constantly changing, shifting, becoming.
Identities vary across scales, and affect each other across scales.
Identities are also constructed by identifying against (defining the other and then defining ourselves as “not that.”)

8. Race –. socially constructed. melanin
Race – socially constructed melanin vitamin D Why is there so much regional variation in appearance? What were slaves counted as in the US before the Civil War?

9. Classify the following students according to their race/ethnicity.
A. B. C.
D. E.

10. Classify the following students according to their race/ethnicity.
A. B. C.
D. E. F.

11. A. Caucasian
B. Caucasian
C. Asian/Pacific Islander
D. Hispanic
E. Hispanic

12. Cultural Identity: Race and Ethnicity
Culture groups
Few or many characteristics (language, religion, race, food, etc.)
Subculture
Races
Single species
Secondary biological characteristics
Ethnic groups
Ethnocentrism

13. What race are these guys?

14. Race
Does not exist on a scientific level, despite influence of the idea.
Biological variation is real; the order we impose on this variation by using the concept of race is not. Race is a product of the human mind, not of nature.
Based on a three category system developed in Europe in the 18th century: caucasians, mongoloids, and blacks.
The truth is that there is very little fundamental genetic variety between humans and no way to tell where one category stops and another begins. Race is literally skin deep. There has not been enough time for much genetic variation. We do not have distinct “races” or “subspecies.”

15. What is ethnicity? How is it different than race?
Ethnicity - 1. identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Thus: customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc...
2. a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied to place.

16. What is ethnicity? How is it different than race?
Race - 1. any of the different varieties of humankind, distinguished by form of hair, skin and eye color, bodily proportions, stature, etc...
2. a problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics. The term has many unscientific connotations and its genetic basis is highly questionable. The idea is that people of the same race share a common ancestor or past. Genetic mixing is so common and complete that most geographers dismiss race as a category since it can not be clearly tied to place.

17. What is ethnicity? How is it different than race?
1. identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. Thus: customs, cultural characteristics, language, common history, homeland, etc...
2. a socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based on actual or perceived commonality of origin, race, culture. This notion is clearly tied to place.
Turkish
Armenian
Puerto Rican
Mongolian
Japanese
Kazakh
Thai
Chinese

18. Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910
Race in the U.S.
Rosa Parks
Japan Town, San Francisco, 1910
Dogs Used to Control Protestors, 1957

19. Race in the U.S.
Still the most common way people identify themselves, despite its problems.
The basis for much segregation - ethnic neighborhoods - housing covenants
Census forms highlight the problems of defining race. For example, census data was misused by the government WWII to inter Japanese. Protest the census by filling in “human” under OTHER category?

20. Distribution of Ethnicities
Ethnicities in the United States
Clustering of ethnicities
African American migration patterns
Differentiating ethnicity and race
Race in the United States
Division by race in South Africa

21. African Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

22. Hispanic Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

23. Asian Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

24. Native Americans in the U.S.
Fig. 7-4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

25. Ethnicities in Chicago
Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

26. Triangular Slave Trade and African Source Areas
Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America.

27. African American Migration in the U.S.
Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

28. African Americans in Baltimore
Fig. 7-9: Areas with 90% African American population in Baltimore expanded from a core area northwest of downtown in the 1950s.

29. Black “Homelands” in South Africa
Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid.

30. Ethnicities into Nationalities
Rise of nationalities
Nation-states
Nationalism
Multinational states
Former Soviet Union
Russia
Turmoil in the Caucasus
Revival of ethnic identity
Ethnicity and communism
Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe

31. Republics of the Soviet Union
Fig. 7-11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990s.

32. Ethnic Groups in Russia
Fig. 7-12: Russia officially recognizes 39 ethnic groups, or nationalities, which are concentrated in western and southern portions of the country.

33. Ethnicities in the Caucasus
Fig. 7-13: The Caucasus region is extremely diverse ethnically. Ethnic groups are spread across several national boundaries.

34. Clashes of Ethnicities
Ethnic competition to dominate nationality
Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa
Ethnic competition in Lebanon
Dividing ethnicities among more than one state
Dividing ethnicities in South Asia
Dividing Sri Lanka among ethnicities

35. Ethnicity in the Horn of Africa
Fig. 7-14: There have been numerous interethnic civil conflicts in the countries of the Horn of Africa (including the Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia).

36. Ethnicities in Lebanon
Fig. 7-15: Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze are dominant in different areas of the country.

37. Ethnic Division of South Asia
Fig. 7-16: At independence in 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan, resulting in the migration of 17 million people and many killings. In 1971, after a brutal civil war, East Pakistan became the country of Bangladesh.

38. Jammu and Kashmir
Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

39. Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka
Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

40. Highest Rate of Residential Segregation for African Americans:
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

41. Residential Segregation
The “degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment.”
Is it declining or rising?
Massey and Denton

42. Lowest Rate of Residential Segregation for Hispanics/Latinos: Baltimore for Asians/Pacific Islanders: Baltimore
Baltimore, Maryland

43. Identities in Neighborhoods change over time:
Invasion and Succession:
new immigrants to a city often move to areas occupied by older immigrant groups.
What groups make up 65% of NYC’s Hispanics?

44. Sense of Place
We infuse places with meaning and feeling, with memories and emotions.
Our sense of place becomes part of our identity and our identity affects the ways we define and experience place.

45. Ethnicity
Ethnicity –
a constructed identity that is tied to a place … it is often considered “natural” because it implies ancient relations among people over time.

46. How does a place change when the people who live there change
How does a place change when the people who live there change? Today, Mexicali’s Chinatown has few Chinese Residents, but continues to be an important place for the region’s Chinese population.

47. Mexico Who are the workers in maquiladoras?
What is the capital of Baja, California?

48. Identity and Space Space – “social relations stretched out”
Place – “particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location.”
Massey and Jess
When people make places, they do so in the context of surrounding social relationships.

49. Sexuality and Space
Where people with a shared identity cluster, how do they create a space for themselves?

50. Sexuality and Space
What theories explain and inform our understanding of sexuality and space?
Queer Theory –
focuses on political engagement of “queers” with the “heteronormative.”

51. Power Relationships Power Relationships –
assumptions and structures about who is in control, who has power over others.
How are power relationships reflected in cultural landscapes (the visible human imprint on the landscape)?

52. What do gangs do to create their own space?
Through power relationships,
People create places where they limit the access of other peoples.
Belfast, Northern Ireland
What do gangs do to create their own space?

53. How do Power Relationships factor into How People are Counted?
The U.S. Census undercounts:
- minority populations
- the homeless
The Gross National Income (GNI)
does not count:
- unpaid work of women in the household
- work done by rural women in poorer countries

54. Informal Economy – private, often home-based activities such as tailoring, beer brewing, food preparation, or vegetable gardening.

55. Women in Subsaharan Africa - populate much of the rural areas, as men migrate to cities for work. - produce 70% of the region’s food. - only a small percentage of women have legal title to their land.

56. Dowry Deaths in India
- murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry. Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to dowry deaths female infanticide is also tied to the disempowerment of women
7,000 victims
a year

57. Ethnic Groups in Los Angeles - barrioization – when the population of a neighborhood changes over largely to Hispanics. - cultural landscapes change to reflect changing populations. - strife is usually tied to economic change.

58. South central LA Mainly black and Hispanic now
Small business owners are Korean