1. Mr. Benagh ESSM – Summer FISH 2014-2015

2. ESSM – Summer FISH Biology Agenda’s Monday, Aug. 11 th 2014 Macromoluecles - Power Lecture 10-15” - Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis - Digestive System (polymers to monomers) - Homework  Tuesday, Aug. 12 th 2014 Enzymes - Power Lecture 10-15” - Toothpickase Enzyme Lab - Homework  Wednesday, Aug. 13 th 2014 Nucleic Acid - Power Lecture 10-15” - Strawberries DNA Extractions - Homework  Thursday, Aug. 14 th 2014 Photosynthesis - Power Lecture 10-15” - Photosynthesis Leaf Hole Punch Lab - Homework 

3. The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

5. CARBOHYDRATES

6. Carbohydrate Types Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA 1. SIMPLE SUGARS Monosaccharides - one sugar molecule

7. Linear and ring forms of glucose

8. Sucrose (sugar) Glucose + Fructose Lactose (milk) Glucose + Galactose Maltose (grains) Glucose + Glucose Carbohydrate Types 2. SIMPLE SUGARS Disaccharides - two sugar molecule

9. How are disaccharides made? Dehydration synthesis:

10. Examples of disaccharide synthesis

11. POLYSACCHARIDES: Long chains of monosaccharides EXAMPLES Starch (amylose) Glycogen Fiber (cellulose) Chitin Carbohydrate Types COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

12. Starch Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds) < 500,000 glucoses

13. Glycogen Short term storage polysaccharide for animals ~300g stored carbo in body 72g liver (glycogen) 245g muscle (glycogen) 10g blood (glucose)

14. Chitin String of modified glucose Structural component of: Insects, Arthropods, fungi

15. Cellulose Polymer of glucose Structural material in plants - Fiber Cellulose Starch Monomers linked together differently than in starch Why indigestible?

16. Starch verses Cellulose Glucose linked differently Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive enzymes Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of cows and termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose

17. LIPIDS

18. Three Major Groups of Lipids Oils, Fats, and Waxes Phospholipids Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)

19. Similarities of Fats and Oils All contain C, H, and O Usually no ring structures Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)

20. Triglycerides Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation)

21. Unsaturated Polyunsaturated Saturated Types of Fatty acids

22. Phospholipids

23. Steroids Four fused rings of carbon steroid hormones: estrogen, testosterone cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes

24. Cholesterol Body will make if not enough in diet Part of lipid membrane around cells Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane

25. The structure of a phospholipid

26. Protein

27. Types of Proteins Structural Enzymes Hormones Antibodies Contractile Receptor Transport Storage See Table 5.1

28. Proteins Subunit = amino acid 1. Amino group 3. Carboxyl group2. R group Amino acids have three parts:

29. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

30. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

31. Linking Amino Acids Dehydration synthesis: forms a covalent bond – A Peptide Bond Creates a polypeptide

32. Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

33. How are proteins able to do so many things? 20 different kinds amino acids - different R-groups Non-polar Polar Charged O -

34. Proteins Fold into Active Shape Protein function depends on shape Four Levels of Structure: Primary1° Secondary2° Tertiary3° Quaternary4°

35. Primary (1°) Structure Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide

36. Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

37. Secondary (2°) Structure Folds in part of amino acid chain: Hydrogen bonds  - pleated sheet  -helix

38. Tertiary (3°) Structure 3D Packing of Polypeptides: More hydrogen bonds

39. Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

40. Interactions between 2+ polypeptides Quaternary (4°) Structure

41. Shape is critical for protein interactions EXAMPLE: Hemoglobin 4 Polypeptides Binds Iron Oxygen transport

42. Nucleic Acid

43. Nucleic acids include RNA and DNA Polymers made up of repeating monomers called nucleotides. NUCLEIC ACIDS

44. 5-Carbon Sugar (Pentose): RNA ribose, DNA deoxyribose Phosphate Group Nitrogen-containing base NUCLEOTIDES 3 Main Components:

45. Nucleotides: Important Energy Storage Molecules Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): acts like cell’s battery, providing energy for most activities.

46. RNA and DNA SIMILARITIES: 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group DIFFERENCES: Nucleotides – DNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine – RNA: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil Sugar – DNA: Deoxyribose – RNA: Ribose

47. Nucleic Acid Synthesis Nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis Covalent bond forms between PHOSPHATE GROUP and SUGAR

48. Structure of DNA

49. Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

50. Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication

51. Figure 5.28 DNA  RNA  protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

54. Enzymes

55. The structure and hydrolysis of ATP

56. The ATP cycle

57. Energy changes in exergonic and endergonic reactions

58. Enzymes and Shape Active Site Induced fit: “Handshake” between substrate and enzyme

59. Activation Energy Net Energy Released

60. Enzymes Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) Lower activation energy for a reaction

61. S = Substrates (reactants) enter reaction. P = Product (what you get at the end) result E = Enzymes mediate specific steps sucrase sucrose + H 2 O glucose + fructose E + S ES E + P Enzyme reactions can be simplified as:

62. The catalytic cycle of an enzyme

63. 4 Things that Affect Enzyme Activity 1.Substrate concentration 2.Enzyme concentration 3.pH 4.Temperature Shape of enzyme (Protein denatured)

64. Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity

65. Enzyme Regulation Enzymes can be turned on and off Regulated by other molecules in the cell Examples: – Allosteric regulation – Feedback inhibition – Inhibitors

66. Photosynthesis

67. Photosynthesis happens in the Chloroplast Parts of a Chloroplast – Thylakoid – Grana Stack of Thylakoids – Stroma Liquid inside Chloroplast

71. The electromagnetic spectrum

72. Why are leaves green?

73. Determining an absorption spectrum