1. By: Emmanuel M. J. Tamanja Venue: GB III, Room 214 TU Dortmund University Date: September 18, 2014 Time: From 14:15 to 14:30 Temporary migration and multilocational living arrangements in Ghana: The decisive background factors

2. Introduction  Part of my Ph.D project on Child migration and educational progression in Ghana  Motivations for migration: economic, pursuit of education and peer influence  Migration decisions: tripatide involvement of individual migrants, households and communities on a continuum of unilateral, consultative and imposition  All respondent migrants interviewed wanted to return to thier home villages after some time in migration 2 Background

3. Origin and main destinations of migrants 3 Background

4. 4 Homes of migrants in their villages of origin

5.  Many prominent people in Ghana and Africa do not cut ties with their places of origin  They live and work in urban areas but maintain families and houses in their home towns and villages to return at old age or their bodies are sent home for burial when they die. For example: 5 Background Person Burial place Nelson Mandela – 1 st President of South Africa (1994 – 1999) Kwame Nkrumah – 1 st President of Ghana (1957 - 1966) Hilla Limann – President of Ghana‘s 3 rd Republic (1979 - 1981) Nkroful Gwolu Qunu

6. 1.Why is migration incomplete in Ghana? 2.Why are migrants unable to break ties with their places of origin? 6 Research questions Introduction The decisive background factors

7. Guiding theory  Multi-locational household theory Phenomenon of informal rural-urban exchange within spatially split household arrangements (Schmidt-Kallert 2012; Dick and Reuschke, 2012) 7 Theoritical framework

8. Primary and secondary  Migrants (Adult & Children) In-depth single face-to-face interviews Group discusions  Other respondents Single face-to-face interviews Group discusions Expert interviews  Observation  Image data documents (maps & pictures)  Secondary data 8 Research design and data collection Data collection Data Processing Methodology  Editing : Transcribe audio interviews Synchronising transcribed data with field dairy notes Complementing transcribed data and field notes with observations  Extract/build themes from data  Organise image data Narrative study

9. Sampling and sample  Sample  35 Child migrants  12 Adult migrants and parents of child migrants  2 Community discussions 9  Purposive and snowball sampling Methodology

10. Culture and identity 10 Findings Maintenance of culture and identity through chiefs and elders

11. Ancestral and place of origin attachment 11 Findings Communion with ancesters and spirits of the land of origin

12. Family/household affiliation 12 Findings Ties and commitment to the component of the houehold or family back home

13. Networks Family and home village-based social networks helps in:  Perpetuating migration  Remittances  Commitment and obligation to the home village 13

14. Although economic, education and peers influence are the main motivational factors for migration in Ghana, the temporal and multilocational features of the phenomenon are deeply rooted in strong ethnic identities and ties to places of origin. These results in the creation and maintenance of spatially split households between rural underdeveloped origins and urban destinations. 14 Conclusion

15. Recommendations  Effective collaboration between local government and traditional authorities, ethnic and hometown based networks to promote local economic development  Streamline ancestral worship (through bye-laws) to promote education of children and harmonious living with non indigenes and people of different faith  Harmonise activities of hometown based networks to promote remittances by individual members in support of the elderly and younger kin as well as development projects in their origin communities 15 Conclusion