1.  What race do you consider yourself?  What ethnicity do you consider yourself?  What is the difference between the two?

3.  Ethnic clustering in the United States  African Americans Southeast  Hispanics in the Southwest  Asians in in the West  American Indians Southwest and Plains  African Americans make up ¼ population of:  Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland and S. Carolina, 1/3 in Mississippi

4.  African Americans are highly clustered within cities  About ¼ of Americans live in cities, whereas more than ½ of African Americans live in cities

5.  Race describes biological descent. Ethnicity describes cultural heritage.  Ethnicity is learned, race is inherited.

7.  Race and ethnicity are often confused  The traits that characterize race are those that can be transmitted genetically from parents to children ▪ Skin color, eye shape are among these ▪ Biological classification by race often leads to racism

8.  American is considered a Nationality  Ethnicity  Italian Americans  Mexican Americans  Asian Americans  African Americans

9.  In explaining spatial regularities, geographers look for patterns of spatial interaction.  Separate but equal in the US  Apartheid in South Africa

11. 

12.  To preserve a distinct culture, ethnicities seek to govern themselves  This concept to self-government is known as self- determination  A Nation-State is a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality.

13.  The French nationality fused together French ethnic cultural traditions, Roman Catholic Religion and in the beginning, a monarch.  French Revolution: liberty, equality, brotherhood (common goals)  Most of Western Europe was made up of Nation-states by 1900.

14.  Denmark comes close  Territory occupied by the Danish ethnicity closely corresponds to the state of Denmark  Strong sense of unity ▪ Shared cultural characteristics and attitudes ▪ Recorded history for more than 1,000 years. ▪ But, as a result of WWI, some of the territory lost to Germany was returned to Denmark…more diversity in that region

15.  Loyalty and devotion to a nationality  Promotes a sense of a national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others  Emphasizes that nation’s culture and interests  Mass media effective in fostering nationalism  Flags  Songs  Symbols

17.  A state that contains more than one ethnicity is a multi-ethnic state.  Some get along great (remember Belgium with the Dutch-speaking Flemish and the French-speaking Walloons?) Both groups consider themselves as belonging to the Belgian nationality.

18.  Other multi-ethnic states are known as multinational states.  These contain two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.  Can you think of an example?

21.  15 independent states consist of 5 groups  Three Baltic  Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania  Three European  Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine  Five Central Asian  Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan  Three Caucasus  Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia  Russia

23. Ethiopia and Eritrea Sudan: Black Christians vs. Animist rebels in south and Arab-Muslims in the north Somalia: Clans Lebanon: Numerous religions

24.  Holocaust: Forced migration, genocide  Ethnic Cleansing, modern term: a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.  Unlike wars where the point was to defeat or subjugate an enemy: this it to annihilate them.

25.  Iraq (Kurds)  Yugoslavia  Bosnia  Kosovo  Rwanda  Burundi

26.  Balkanized: Term used to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long- standing antagonisms toward each other.  WWI

27.  Nationalism is an example of a centripetal force (pulls together) as opposed to centrifugal (pulls apart)

31. Cultural Diversity A society's culture include its social institutions like its political structure, but as we have just learned it is much more than that. One country can be made up of people from many different cultures and one cultural group can exist in more than one country. Therefore political geographers have developed a vocabulary to help distinguish between a cultural group (called a nation) and a country (called a State).

32. What is a "Nation"? DEFINITION: a group of tightly knit people who speak a single language, have a common history, share the same cultural background, and who may be united by common political institutions

34. What is a "State"? DEFINITION: a politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and recognized by a significant portion of the international community A "State"" is approximately synonymous with a "country" NOT: Illinois, Chihuahua (Mexico), Tamil Nadu (India), and Mato Grasso (Brazil) which are political units within countries

35. The United Nations has established the convention of using "State" to mean country, and "state" to apply to the internal political units of the US, Mexico, India, and Brazil.

36.  A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity.  A State wherein the territory coincides with the area settled by a cultural group or a NATION.

37. o Few States are 100% nation-states and there is no exact criteria. o Most would agree that Japan is a nation- state, and Lesotho, Africa. The "opposite" of a nation-state would be a multinational state or a State made up of many nations. o Examples would include: Nigeria, and Liberia in Africa.

38. o There are nations (cultural groups) without States. Sometimes these cultural groups are scattered among several States and sometimes they are a minority in one State. o Sometimes these stateless nations are unwelcome and are a source of conflict. Some of the most well known include the Kurds in Southwest Asia and the Gypsies/Romani of Eastern Europe.

39. o World is populated by more than 1,600 stateless nations, most of which are in one way or another engaged in national movements. o The classic instance of a stateless nation has been the Jewish people who for long centuries have suffered for lack of a homeland which was only finally made available to them in 1948. o The Kurds, numbering an estimated 20 million Kurds, are commonly seen as the world's largest nation without a state. About 10 million are in Turkey, 4 million in Iraq, 5 million in Iran and a million in Syria. There may be another million in the former Soviet Union.

40. Distilling Resentment Ostracizing Creating Legal Obstacles Removal of Leadership Relocations/Resettlement Death Squads Systematic Killing Denial

41.  Ethnic Enclave: a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture  Examples: Chinatown, Little Italy, Little Havana

42.  Charles Darwin  A Biological Process  Natural Selection  Survival of the Fittest  Adaptation

43.  Selective Breeding of People  To remove negative traits  To reinforce positive traits  To Reduce “The Burden on Society”  To create a “Better Society”  Physical features determine racial purity

44. Lebensborn Program

48. Geography makes you smart!