2. Hiroshima By John Hersey

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND LEADING UP TO HIROSHIMA

4. Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia. Causes of World War I - Assassination

5. Gavrilo Princip after assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Causes of World War I - Assassination

6. What happened next? Gavrilo Princip was from Serbia, so Austria wanted them to apologise and pay compensation. Serbia refused, so Austria declared war. Gavrilo Princip was from Serbia, so Austria wanted them to apologise and pay compensation. Serbia refused, so Austria declared war. Russia was Serbia’s ally, so they declared war on Austria. Russia was Serbia’s ally, so they declared war on Austria. Germany declared war on Russia and Serbia. France declared war on Austria and Germany. Italy declared war on France and Russia. Germany invaded Belgium, so Britain declared war.

7. How World War I started Serbia Serbia Russia Russia France France Britain Britain Austria Germany Italy BOSNIA

9. What did the treaty do? Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles A League of Nations was established to enable countries to keep peace. A League of Nations was established to enable countries to keep peace. Germany was made to take the blame. Germany was made to take the blame.

10. What happened after the war? Germany was made to pay out huge sums of money in compensation. Germany was made to pay out huge sums of money in compensation. They were also made to give up some land. They were also made to give up some land. Germany was also forced to reduce the size of her armies and to sink her ships. As a result the country became bankrupt.

11. The situation got worse! Germany began to re-build her ships and build up her armies. Germany began to re-build her ships and build up her armies.

12. Rise of Adolf Hitler In Germany Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 as a fascist dictator. In Germany Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 as a fascist dictator. On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war. This starts World War II. On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war. This starts World War II.

13. Continued… Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. Italy declared war on France and Britain on June 10, 1940. Italy declared war on France and Britain on June 10, 1940. JAPAN ON AMERICA JAPAN ON AMERICA

15. WHY DID AMERICA DROP BOMBS ON JAPAN?

16. Inciting incident: Sunday December 7, 1941 Sunday December 7, 1941 Aerial attack on Aerial attack on Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor

17. Pearl Harbor: A United States navy base on Oahu, Hawaii -Also home to the Pacific Fleet

18. -Japan didn’t want the US Pacific Fleet to interfere with their war plans in Southeast Asia -353 Japanese bombers, torpedo and fighter planes destroyed many Navy battleships -2,402 Americans were killed and 1,282 were wounded

19. CLIPS Actual Attack footage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3e99lfm mDN0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3e99lfm mDN0 Hollywood footage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niwx QgoY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sv1niwx QgoY US Propaganda footage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyjicU8 3-Zs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyjicU8 3-Zs

20. ATTACK The battleship Arizona was hit with an armor piercing bomb The battleship Arizona was hit with an armor piercing bomb the Overall, 9 ships of the U.S. fleet were sunk the Overall, 9 ships of the U.S. fleet were sunk 21 ships were severely damaged. 3 of the 21 would be irreparable. 21 ships were severely damaged. 3 of the 21 would be irreparable. The overall death toll reached 2,350, including 68 civilians, and 1,178 injured. The overall death toll reached 2,350, including 68 civilians, and 1,178 injured. Japan would lose 29 out of the 350 planes Japan would lose 29 out of the 350 planes

23. Roosevelt declares war on Japan http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8g YGg0dkE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8g YGg0dkE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8g YGg0dkE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8g YGg0dkE

24. A Grinding War in the Pacific In 1945, the U.S. began targeting people in order to coerce Japan to surrender In 1945, the U.S. began targeting people in order to coerce Japan to surrender 66 major Japanese cities bombed 66 major Japanese cities bombed 500,000 civilians killed 500,000 civilians killed

25. Atom Diplomacy FDR had funded the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb FDR had funded the top-secret Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested in the summer of 1945. Dr. Robert Oppenheimer successfully tested in the summer of 1945. FDR had died on April 12, 1945, and the decision was left to Harry Truman. FDR had died on April 12, 1945, and the decision was left to Harry Truman. An amphibious invasion could cost over 350,000 Allied casualties. An amphibious invasion could cost over 350,000 Allied casualties.

26. The Manhattan Project Pres. Roosevelt was warned by Einstein in 1939 about nuclear research by the Nazis Pres. Roosevelt was warned by Einstein in 1939 about nuclear research by the Nazis M.P. started in 1942 M.P. started in 1942 by FDR by FDR

27. Manhattan Project First nuclear reaction in 1942 (Fermi @ U of Chicago) First nuclear reaction in 1942 (Fermi @ U of Chicago) U-235 created in 1945 in Oak Ridge U-235 created in 1945 in Oak Ridge July 16,1945 first nuclear test in White Sands NM July 16,1945 first nuclear test in White Sands NM

28. Turning Points of the War: The Pacific August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay drops bomb on Hiroshima August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay drops bomb on Hiroshima August 6, 1945 August 6, 1945 140,000 dead; radiation sickness; 80% of buildings destroyed 140,000 dead; radiation sickness; 80% of buildings destroyed August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki 70,000 dead; 60,000 injured 70,000 dead; 60,000 injured Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945. Emperor Hirohito surrenders on Aug. 14, 1945. Formal surrender signed on September 2 onboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay Formal surrender signed on September 2 onboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay

30. Little Boy 14 Kilo Tons capacity (TNT) 10 Feet in Length A product of $2 billion of research Uranium-235 atomic bomb Two-third of Hiroshima was destroyed Within three miles of the explosion, 60,000 of the 90,000 buildings were demolished.

31. HIROSHIMA Before After

32. Hiroshima Population3,50,000 Died Immediately0,70,000 Died (Radiation)0,70,000

33. Effects of Nuclear Weapons

34. Energy from a Nuclear Weapon Blast Heat Radiation

35. Blast 50% of energy is released as blast and shock waves.

36. Blast

37. Heat 35% of energy is released as heat.

38. Radioactive Fallout 10% of energy is released as radioactive fallout.

40. Kazuo Matsumuro was 32 when she witnessed the Hiroshima bombing 1300 meters from the epicenter. She said that people's skin was falling off and they kept their arms in front of them like zombies to prevent the skin from sticking.

41. ‘ Little Boy’ ‘Fat Man’

43. The Little Boy Created with U-235 Created with U-235 The bomb dropped on Hiroshima The bomb dropped on Hiroshima Dropped on Aug. 6 1945 by the Enola Gay at 8:45 a.m. Dropped on Aug. 6 1945 by the Enola Gay at 8:45 a.m.

44. City of Hiroshima

45. Japan’s 7th largest city Japan’s 7th largest city Had not been bombed yet Had not been bombed yet Headquarters of Japan’s second army Headquarters of Japan’s second army Factories for war materials Factories for war materials

46. Facts about A-Bomb Blast equaled 15,000 tons of TNT Blast equaled 15,000 tons of TNT Detonated about 1000 feet above the ground (hypocenter) Detonated about 1000 feet above the ground (hypocenter) Hiroshima surprised because of only one B-29 plane seen that morning Hiroshima surprised because of only one B-29 plane seen that morning

47. John Hersey Born on June 17, 1914 in Tientsin, China. Born on June 17, 1914 in Tientsin, China. Graduated from Yale and Cambridge then began a distinguished writing career Graduated from Yale and Cambridge then began a distinguished writing career Won the Pulitzer Prize in 1945 for A Bell for Adano Won the Pulitzer Prize in 1945 for A Bell for Adano

48. More on Hersey…. -He was a war correspondent for LIFE magazine and THE NEW YORKER when he was commissioned to write about the bombings -The book used storytelling techniques of fiction to highlight nonfiction reporting

49. Characters Miss Toshiko Sasaki Miss Toshiko Sasaki Dr. Masakazu Fujii Dr. Masakazu Fujii Mrs.. Hatsuyo Nakamura Mrs.. Hatsuyo Nakamura Dr. Terufumi Sasaki Dr. Terufumi Sasaki The Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto The Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge

50. Miss Toshiko Sasaki A clerk for the East Asia Tin Works A clerk for the East Asia Tin Works Chatting with a co-worker when the bomb exploded Chatting with a co-worker when the bomb exploded

52. Dr. Masakazu Fujii Dr. who owns a private hospital Dr. who owns a private hospital Just sat down to Just sat down to read the paper read the paper when the bomb exploded when the bomb exploded

54. Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura A tailor’s widow A tailor’s widow She was looking through her kitchen window when the bomb exploded She was looking through her kitchen window when the bomb exploded

56. Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge A German Jesuit Priest A German Jesuit Priest He was reading a magazine in a cot when the bomb exploded He was reading a magazine in a cot when the bomb exploded

58. Dr. Terufumi Sasaki A young surgeon A young surgeon He was walking along a hospital corridor when the bomb exploded. He was walking along a hospital corridor when the bomb exploded.

60. The Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto Pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church. Pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church. He was unloading a cart of clothes when the bomb exploded. He was unloading a cart of clothes when the bomb exploded.

62. Looking Back “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” - Robert Oppenheimer Supervising Scientist Manhattan Project

63. Publication of Hiroshima Originally appeared in The New Yorker on Aug. 31 1946 as a long article Originally appeared in The New Yorker on Aug. 31 1946 as a long article Story was later published as a novel Story was later published as a novel Last chapter added in 1973 Last chapter added in 1973

64. Looking Back The Dropping of the A-Bomb has remained a very controversial subject Was it necessary? What were the results?

65. The End English 9-Engelbert