1. U.S. History C. Corning August 2012

2. Motives: The “Why?” Military Strength/Strategic Position Land for Settlement Missionaries – Conversion to Christianity Spreading European Civilization Belief in European Cultural or Racial Superiority Control over Raw Materials/Potential Markets Profit for Private Business Owners/Forced Labor National Rivalry/Patriotism

3. Motives Military Strength/Strategic Position Key sea ports and waterways, keeping check on other countries’ military forces Ex: Russia grabbing lands from former Ottoman Empire. Land for Settlement Population pressures in urban centers, people looking for “free” or cheap land. Ex: South Africa and the Dutch (Boers – farmers)

4. Motives Missionaries – Conversion to Christianity Proselytizing to bring the Word of God to “pagans” Ex: French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia) Spreading European Civilization “The White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling, 1893 Ex: India – Britain brought social practices, forms of dress, athletic and social events, and governing practices

5. Motives Belief in European Cultural or Racial Superiority Social Darwinism – Europeans best fit to govern Ex: Africa – Europeans saw themselves as superior Control over Raw Materials/Potential Markets for Industrial Products Copper, wood, gold, tin, diamonds, cash crops Ex: Demand for raw materials shaped African colonies

6. Motives Profit for Private Business Owners/Forced Labor Opportunities abroad to make money more easily than at home, esp. with forced labor Exs: China and Opium Trade, Congo River Valley National Rivalry/Patriotism Keeping up with the competition/nationalism Ex: Scramble for Africa

7. Process/Tools – The “How?” Warfare/Weapons of Industrialization Transportation/Communication Inventions Divide and Rule Economic Reorganization to meet needs of “Mother Country” Direct Rule Indirect Rule Creation of Educated Elite to help govern colony Forced Labor Westernization/Assimilation/Civilizing Influences

8. Process/Tools Warfare/Weapons of Industrialization Guns superior to local weapons Machine gun developed in 1884 Transportation/Communication Inventions Railroads and steamships were a means to get further inside Africa and India, movement of goods and people. Cables allowed “quick” communication between Mother Country and colonies.

9. Process/ Tools Economic reorganization to meet needs of “Mother Country” Exchanging subsistence farming for cash crops Ex: Africa Divide and Rule Use natural divisions: language, religion, and cultures, difficult for people to unite against colonizers Exs: Africa, India

10. Process/Tools Direct Rule: Foreign officials brought in to rule No self-rule Goal: assimilation of local people Government institutions based on European styles, specifically of Mother Country Ex: French Indochina, Angola (Portuguese), German colonies in East Africa

11. Process/Tools Indirect Rule: Local government officials used Limited self-rule Goal: to develop future leaders Government institutions that are based on Europeans styles but have local rules or customs. Ex: India and Burma (British), U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands (Hawaii)

12. Process/Tools Creation of Educated Elite to help govern colony Local rulers accepted foreign authority to rule and would manage the colonies Ex: India Forced Labor Use “free” labor to carry out policies Ex: Africa Westernization/Assimilation/Civilizing Influences Use of religion, language and culture (food, music, sports) Ex: Indochina (French), India (British), Angola (Portuguese)