1. Tipping bucket raingauge Specifications Sensor type: Tipping bucket Output: 0.1 second switch closure Switch: Sealed reed switch Sensitivity: 1 tip per 0.01", 1 tip per 1 mm, or 1 tip per 0.25 mm Accuracy: ± 2% up to 2"/hr Contact rating: 3 watts, 0.25 amps, 24 Vdc Size: 8" dia x 13.75" high

2. Acoustic disdrometer Minimum drop size ~ 0.5 mm

3. 2DVD—video disdrometer

4. Determines both size and shape which are important for developing polarimetric based relationships as we will see later.

5. Gauges/Disdrometers Problems in relating single point measurement to radar volume Evaporation Wind effects Measurement errors Deploy gauges in pairs, at high density Cannot afford to do so with 2DVD’s--- $25K per copy