1. Lycopene β-Carotene The relationship between Daily intake of β-carotene and lycopene, metabolic syndrome and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Date:2012/12/28 實習生 : 辜祥霖 指導老師 : 蕭佩珍營養師 01

2. powerful antioxidant actions suppress the growth of tumors prevention of heart disease Age-related macular degeneration 02 Lycopene Health Conditions

3. Raw tomato Cooked tomato Sun-dried Tomato Persimmon GuavaGrapefruitWatermelonRed Cabbage Lycopene 03 45902μg per 100g 4631μg per cup 7298μg per cup 159μg per 100g 1419μg per 100 g4532μg per 100g5204μg per 100g20μg per 100g

4. Preventing Vitamin A Deficiency Immune-Enhancing Activity Antioxidant -Enhancing Activity Promoting Proper Cell Communication 04 β-Carotene Health Conditions

5. Carrot PumpkinSweet potatoSpinach ApricotsKaleCantaloupeMango β-Carotene 05 9444μg per 100g8285μg 100 g 9226μg 100 g 4570μg 100 g

6. Daily intake of fruit and vegetable soups processed in different ways increases human serum β-carotene and lycopene concentrations and reduces levels of several oxidative stress markers in healthy subjects R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33. 06

7. INTRODUCTION 07 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

8. INTRODUCTION R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.  2 differently processed fruit and vegetable soups  the bioavailability of β -carotene and lycopene  the biological markers of oxidative stress  cardiovascular risk 08

9. MATERIALS AND METHODS 09 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

10. 69 participants FFQ REFERENCE SOUP 17 M, 17 F 2.5% OLIVE OIL Traditional process OPTIMISED SOUP 18M, 17F 5% OLIVE OIL HPH (High Pressure homogenisation) INTERVENTION 35 men + 34 women Age: 30 ± 10 years old TEST SOUPS BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS CONCENTRATIONS β-carotene lycopene MATERIALS AND METHODS 300mL/d Rough, small hard particles 300mL/d Smooth,glossy 10 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33. 4 Weeks

11. Table 1 β-Carotene, lycopene and folate concentrations of test soups. Values are means ± SEM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Listed foods : tomato and derivatives, carrot, broccoli, Swiss chard, spinach, watermelon, medlar, orange, tangerine, apricot, yellow plum, and other foods, such as liver, paté and fortified cereals. 11 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

12. Table 2 Anthropometric and dietary characteristics of the participants before the intervention period. Values are means ± SEM. BMI, body mass index; W, waist; H, hip; E, energy; CHO, carbohydrate. n (reference) = 17 M; 17 F; n (optimised) = 18 M; 17 F. a Significantly different from those of the reference group (Student’s unpaired t-test, p < 0.05). MATERIALS AND METHODS 12 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

13. RESULTS 13 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

14. Table 3 Serum biochemical and folate concentration before (wk 0) and after 4 weeks (wk 4) of soup intake. Values are means ± SEM. Gluc, glucose; TG, triglycerides; Total-C, total-cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; tHcy, homocysteine. n (reference) = 17 M; 17 F; n (optimised) = 18 M; 17 F. a Significantly different from those at wk 0 (Student’s paired t test, P < 0.05). b Mean values at wk 0 were significantly different between reference and optimised group (Student’s unpaired t test, P < 0.05). RESULTS 14 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

15. Table 4 Serum markers of oxidative status before (wk 0) and after 4 weeks (wk 4) of soup intake. Values are means ± SEM. LDL, low density lipoprotein; Cr, creatinine; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; 8- OHdG, 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine; Eq As, equivalents ascorbic; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GR, glutathione reductase; SOD, superoxide dismutase. n (reference) = 17 M; 17 F; n (optimised) = 18 M; 17 F. a Significantly different from those at wk 0 (Student’s paired t-test, p < 0.05). b Significantly different from those of the reference group (Univariate general lineal model with the value of the selected parameter at wk 0 as covariable, p < 0.05). c Mean values at wk 0 were significantly different between reference and optimised group (Student’s unpaired t-test, p < 0.05). RESULTS 15 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

16. Fig. 1. Carotenoid serum concentrations before (wk 0) and after 4 weeks (wk 4) of reference (Ref) or optimised (Opt) soup intake. Values are means ± SEM, n = 34 for reference soup group, n = 35 for optimised soup group. ⁄Represents statistically significant differences between wk 0 and wk 4, p 6 0.001 (Student’s paired t-test). ƚ Represents statistically significant differences in change of serum carotenoid concentrations between optimised and reference group, p 6 0.001 (univariate general lineal model with the value of the corresponding carotenoid at wk 0 as covariable). 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 μ mol/L Ref Opt β-caroteneLycopene * * * * WK 0 WK 4 RESULTS 16 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

17. CONCLUSION 17 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

18. CONCLUSION OPTIMISED SOUP After 4 weeks OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS REFERENCE SOUP PLASMA β-carotene lycopene Total-C:HDL HDL:LDL tHcy(μM) Oxidised LDL(U/L) 8-OHdG(μmoL/L) GPx(U/g Hb) SOD(U/g Hb) 18 R. Martĺnez-tomás et al. Food Chem. 2012;134:127-33.

19. Dietary Carotenoid Intake Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92. 19

20. INTRODUCTION 20 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92.

21. INTRODUCTION Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92.  The association between carotenoids and metabolic syndrome 21

22. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS 22 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92.

23. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS  male population aged 40–80 y  374 participants  FFQ (178 food items during the past year) 23 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92.

24. Metabolic syndrome National Cholesterol Education Program 3 or more are met: fasting serum glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L, Serum HDL-cholesterol < 1.0 mmol/L, serum triglyceride concentrations ≥ 1.7mmol/L, waist circumference > 102 cm, blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg, or use of hypertensive medication. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS 24 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92.

25. RESULTS 25 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92.

26. TABLE 1 Dietary intake and other characteristics of middle-aged and elderly male participants according to quartiles of total dietary carotenoid intake1 RESULTS 26 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92. 1 Values are mean ± SD or n (percentage), n =374. 2 All nutrient intakes were adjusted for energy intake. 3 Variables in serum were measured in blood samples taken from fasting participants. 4 Bachelor or Master of Science degree. 5 According to definition National Cholesterol Education Program (25).

27. TABLE 3 Multivariate associations between quartiles of dietary carotenoid intake and metabolic syndrome risk factors in middle-aged and elderly men 1 RESULTS 27 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92. 1 Values are b (95% CI) from linear regression models adjusted for age, education level, smoking, physical activity, BMI (except for waist circumference, visceral and subcutaneous fat, BMI), energy-adjusted intakes of vitamin C, fiber, and alcohol, n =374. Asterisks indicate different from quartile 1: *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01. 2 P-value for linear trend over quartiles of intake. 3 Ref., reference group. 4 Variables were log-transformed before the analyses. 5 Variables in serum were measured in blood samples taken from fasting participants.

28. CONCLUSION 28 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92.

29. CONCLUSION β-carotene lycopene Waist cicumference Visceral fat Subcutaneous fatBMI Serum triglycerides Metabolic Syndrome 29 Sluijs et al. J. Nutr. 2009;139:987-92.

30. Low serum lycopene and β-carotene increase risk of acute myocardial infarction in men Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5 30

31. INTRODUCTION 31 Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5

32. INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to find out whether serum carotenoids may protect against AMI. Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5 32

33. METHODS 33 Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5

34. METHODS  11.5 follow-up years  1038 Middle-aged men (844 men without AMI, 194 men with AMI)  Eastern Finland  Blood Biochemical analysis  Serum carotenoids concentration 34 Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5

35. RESULTS 35 Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5

36. Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study population with and without AMI (n = 1031 men) RESULTS 36 Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5 Bold values are statistically significant. a: Continuous variables are presented as mean (standard deviations). b: P for differences between those with and without AMI for continuous variables (the independent-samples t-test). c: Dichotomous variables are presented as percentage. d: P-value for categorical variables (chi-squared test).

37. Table 2 Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals of acute myocardial infarction by tertiles of serum concentrations of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins RESULTS 37 Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5 a: Tertiles of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins (mmol/l): lycopene: 0.19; a-Carotene: <0.06, 0.06–0.11, >0.11; b-Carotene: 0.40; Retinol: <1.88, 1.88– 2.25, >2.25; a-Tocopherol: 30.3. b: Adjusted for age and examination year. c: Adjusted for age, examination year, BMI, SBP, smoking, alcohol intake, serum LDL cholesterol, years of education, physical activity, symptomatic CHD or CHD history, diabetes, antihypertensive medication, drug for high cholesterol and any β-adrenergic blocking agent.

38. CONCLUSION 38 Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5

39. CONCLUSION Low serum lycopene and β-carotene concentrations The risk of AMI in men 39 Karppi et al. European Journal of Public Health. 2011; 1-5

40. SUMMARY 40

41. SUMMARY IMPROVE? PREVENTION? Low serum lycopene and β-carotene increase risk of acute myocardial infarction in men Dietary Carotenoid Intake Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men Daily intake of fruit and vegetable soups processed in different ways increases human serum β-carotene and lycopene concentrations and reduces levels of several oxidative stress markers in healthy subjects 41

42. 42