1. The Eye

2. Orbit  Functional anatomy and proptosis  Diseases that increase orbital contents displace the eye forward – sarcoidosis, adenoma, glioma, meningioma  Thyroid ophthalmopathy ( Graves disease)  Accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins and fibrosis in the rectus muscles  Other orbital inflammatory conditions  Cellulitis, mucormycosis, Wegener granulomatosis  Neoplasms  Capillary hemangioma, lymphangioma. Non-Hodkin lymphoma, metastases

3. Eyelid  Functional anatomy  Blepharitis, chalazion  Neoplasms  Basal cell carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma,Kaposi sarcoma

4. Conjunctiva  Functional anatomy  Palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva  Conjunctival scarring  Chlamydia trachomatic  Pemphogoid  Dry eyes  Iatrogenic  Pinguecula and pterygium  Neoplasms  Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia  Muoepidermoid carcinoma  Nevi  Melonoma

5. Sclera  RA – scleritis  Blue sclera

6. Cornea  Functional anatomy  Stroma lacks blood vessels and lymphatics  Descemet membrane – copper deposits in wilson disease  Keratitis and ulcers  Infectious ulcers  Corneal degenerations and dystrophies  Band keratopathy  Keratoconus  Fuchs endothelial dystrophy  Stromal dystrophies

7. Anterior Segment  Functional anatomy  Cataract  The anterior segment and glaucoma  Primary open-angle - MYOC gene  Secondary open-angle– Sturge-Weber  Primary angle-closure,  Secondary angle- closure  Endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis  Keratic precipitates e.g. mutton-fat in sarcoid

8. Uvea  Uveitis  JIA  Infectious  Granulomatous  Toxoplamosis  Sympathetic ophthalmia  Neoplasms  Nevi  Melanomas

9. Retina and Vitreous  Functional anatomy  Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous  Posterior vitreous detachment  Retinal detachment  Separation of the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium  Retinal vascular disease  Hypertension  DM – background and proliferative retinopathy  Retinopathy of prematurity  Sickle retinopathy  Retinal vasculitis  Radiation retinopathy  Retinal artery and vein occlusions  Age-related macular degeneration  Other retinal degenerations  Retinitis pigmentosa – inherited, Refsum disease, rods and ones lost to apoptosis  Retinitis  Retinal neoplasms  Retinoblastoma  Retinal lymphoma

10. Optic Nerve  Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy  Papilledema  Glaucomatous optic nerve damage  Other optic neuropathies  Optic neuritis

11. The End-Stage Eye: Phthisis Bulbi