1. What is this picture showing?

2. Ottoman Empire Location: Modern Middle East

3. Where did the Ottomans come from? Name came from “Osman,” a leader of a western Anatolian nomadic group who began expansionistic moves in the 14 th century. Gradually these nomads took over Anatolia and became the border between Islam and Byzantine Christian

5. Sultan Mehmet II (1451-1481) Was one of the greatest Sultans Called the Fatih (the Conqueror) During his rule all of Turkey/Anatolia was brought under his control and the Byzantine Empire was defeated

6. Constantinople The location gave it protection of the eastern frontier Crossroads of trade thus a center of trade Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by natural harbors Seat of the Byzantine Empire until…

7. Listen to the account of the attack on Constantinople and draw the most graphic scene Video: http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of- us/videos/fall-of-constantinople http://www.history.com/shows/mankind-the-story-of-all-of- us/videos/fall-of-constantinople

8. The Conquest of Constantinople = the Imperial phase of the Ottomans Constantinople was renamed Istanbul – Mehmet II cleaned up the city and began many building mosques, markets, water fountains, baths, and other public facilities

9. Mehmet II encouraged people to move to Istanbul – Bribed people from the Ottoman territories with homes and jobs The Grand Bazzar

10. Topkapi Palace

12. For the next 200 years the Ottomans will be a significant power in the Middle East – The Empire will continually expand and exist on 3 different continents

13. Most Famous Leader Suleiman the “Lawgiver” – Reformed the government – Balanced the budget – Reinforced Islamic law

14. Suleiman the “Magnificent” – Grandeur of his court – Built palaces, mosques, schools, libraries, hospitals, roads, bridges, etc. – Cultural explosion (pax Ottomanica) – literary, artistic, and scientific achievements – Pasha Sinan – Suleiman’s Architect

15. “Blue” Mosque

16. The Sultan’s Bedchamber

17. Hamam

18. Ottoman infrastructure – Built roads and bridges to better connect the empire

19. Desired converts, but known for religious tolerance – Many Jewish people, who were cruelly oppressed in Western Europe moved to Istanbul and found Turkey to be a safer place to live – Millet system: non- Muslims were allowed to form small communities and were allowed to keep their faith (Jewish or Christian) as long as they paid the jitza (a tax).

20. Major Traders Coffee, Ceramics, Textiles, Spices were key products Coffeehouses were places where men would come together and form public opinion.

21. Ottoman decline was caused by…

22. – Weak leadership: Sultans became less severe in maintaining rigorous standards of integrity in the administration – Became less centralized, and central control weakened Selim II (aka the Sloth)

23. Economic problems: Competition from trade from the Americas Rising unemployment

24. – Trade routes changing to bypass the Middle East in favor of water routes

25. – Heavy taxes = revolts and unhappy peasantry

26. – Powerful janissaries and janissary revolts

27. – Loss of intellectualism = loss of innovation = fall behind the Europeans in technology

28. The Ottoman Empire was very diverse ethnically + nationalism = many groups wanting their freedom=led to loss of territory

29. Ottomans continued to grow weak and lost territory to the Russians and the Europeans

30. The Ottomans lasted until WWI, but had steadily weakened until that point. Departure of Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1922.

31. New Turkish Republic Modern Middle East