1. Finishes
Chapter 14 page 219

2. When fabric first comes from the loom, it looks nothing like the finished fabric that you will see as a shirt, jacket, or towel. Many of the fabrics have no color—they are gray or off-white.
How then are fabrics transformed into beautiful, colorful, and comfortable materials that you want to buy or wear? The answer is FINISHES!

3. Finishing Processes
Finishes are any special treatments that are applied to fabrics. They can improve a fabric’s appearance, texture, and performance.
Every fiber and type of fabric has certain desirable and undesirable characteristics. Finishes can be added to reduce the undesirable characteristics or to improve the desirable ones.
Fabric finishes may be permanent or temporary. Permanent finishes last throughout the life of the fabric. Temporary finishes may last through only one or two cleanings.

4. Color and Design Finishes
When fabric first comes from the loom, it is called gray goods. It must be cleaned to remove any oils, resins, gums, or soil that would prevent the finish from penetrating the fabric.
Manufacturers then alter the appearance of gray goods by dyeing or printing the fabric.

5. Dyeing Textiles
Dyes are compounds that penetrate and color fibers. They can be used to color the entire fabric or to create special designs on the fabric.
There are five different methods of dyeing:
Stock dyeing
Solution dyeing
Yarn dyeing
Piece dyeing
Product dyeing
The term colorfast means that the color in the fabric will not change. It will not fade from washing, from chlorine in a pool, or from exposure to sunlight.

6. Printing Textiles
Fabrics can be printed in a variety of ways. Printing involves transferring color to the surface of a fabric to form a pattern or design.
Four of the most common printing methods include: roller, screen, rotary screen, and heat transfer.
The other method that you may be familiar with is tie dyeing.

7. Types of Texture Finishes
Most fabrics have some type of finish applied to improve surface texture and hand. These finishes may also help to improve the comfort and performance of the fabric.
Types of texture finishes include:
Calendering
Glazing
Napping
Lustering
Beetling
Delustering
Embossing
Cire’
Moir’e
sizing

8. Types of Performance Finishes
Crease resistance and wrinkle resistance: these finishes help fabrics to resist wrinkling and to recover more rapidly from wrinkling caused by normal wear.
Durable press: the fabric can be washed and dried by machine and will need little or no ironing.
Shrinkage control: shrinkage should only be minimum, even after repeated launderings.
Mercerization: this is a caustic soda treatment used on cotton, linen, and rayon. It gives the fiber added strength and luster.

9. Types of Performance Finishes Continued..
Stain and spot resistance: these finishes help fabrics to repel water- and oil-based stains.
Soil release: this makes it easier to remove soil and oily stains from durable press fabrics and manufactured fibers during laundering.
Water repellant and waterproof: these finishes are designed to help keep the fabric and the wearer dry. Water-repellent fabrics have been treated to resist water, but eventually they will become wet. Waterproof fabrics have been coated or treated so that no water will penetrate.

10. Types of Performance Finishes Continued..
Antistatic: this prevents fabrics from clinging.
Flame-retardant: this helps to reduce flaming and burning in fabrics that have been exposed to a flame or high heat.
This is required on children’s sleepwear and clothing.
Antibacterial: this checks the growth of bacteria and perspiration odors.
Mildew resistance: resists the growth of mildew or other molds.
Moth resistance: repels moths and other fiber-eating insects.