1. Teaching Aids

2. Instructional Materials
Are the instructional method and instructional material the same?

3. instructional methods and instructional materials are not one and not the same.
Instructional methods are the way by which information is taught.
Instructional materials, include print and non-print media and the accompanying hardware which used to supplement and enhance teaching and learning activities by highlighting important points or key steps or tasks, so help to communicate information clearly and maintain students' interest.

4. No one tool is better than another
The teacher must be familiar with the media
Media must be consistent with:
cognitive, affective, and/or psychomotor skills.
Instructional methods.
Predetermined behavioral objectives

5. Instructional aides should be appropriate for
The physical conditions of the learning environment,
The available financial resources
The learner sensory abilities
The message imparted by instructional materials must be accurate, valid, appropriate, unbiased, and free of any unintended messages.

6. Delivery System
Content
Presentation

7. Delivery System
The delivery system includes both the software and the hardware used in presentation of information.
Eg. the educator giving a lecture might choose to embellish the information being presented using a delivery system, such as PowerPoint slides (software), and a computer (hardware).
The choice of the delivery system is influenced by the size of the audience,
The pacing or flexibility needed for delivery, and
The sensory aspects most suitable to the audience.

8. Content
Past to Present
Simple to Complex
Known to Unknown
Most Frequently Used to Least Frequently Used

9. Educator role in presentation
Practice using your visual aids in advance
Set up or prepare visual aids before students arrive
Check that equipments is working before students arrive
Capture the interest of students
Make students aware of the objectives and presentation

10. Three Major Components of Instructional Materials
Cont. Presentation
Create positive learning climate
Demonstrate effective presentation skills
Make sure that students can see the writing board, flipchart sand screen
Charts , diagrams and tables should be large and simple
Prepare hardcopies of handouts
Have question or exercise after using visual aids.

11. I-Written or printed materials . Which Domain
II- Demonstration Materials Which Domain?
III-Audiovisual Materials Which Domain?

12. Types of instructional Materials
I. Written or printed materials
Handouts
books
pamphlets
brochures
instruction sheets

13. Nature of the audience
Literacy Level Required Figure 5.1
Brevity and Clarity (KISS rule: keep it simple and smart). Figure 5.2
Layout and Appearance Figure 5.3
Opportunity for Repetition
Concreteness and Familiarity Figure 5.4

14. Advantages
Disadvantages
Always available
less opportunity to clear up
misinterpretation
Rate of reading is controllable by the reader
Highly complex materials may be overwhelming to the learner
Complex concepts can be explained both fully and adequately
Literacy skill of learner may limit effectiveness
Verbal instruction can be reinforced
Impersonal Limited feedback
Learner is always able to refer back to instructions given in print
Absence of instructor lessens

15. II- Demonstration Materials
Models
writing board
Posters

16. II- Demonstration Materials Models
Models are usually three-dimensional instructional tools that allow the learner to immediately apply knowledge and psychomotor skills by observing, examining, manipulating, handling, assembling, and disassembling objects while the teacher provides feedback . In addition, these demonstration aids encourage learners to think abstractly and give them the opportunity to use many of their senses.

17. Demonstration Materials
2. Writing board
Important guidelines for instructors using chalkboards and white marker boards:
Use chalk or pens that contrast with the background of the board so that students can see the information clearly.
Make text and drawings large enough to be seen in the back of the room.
Underline headings and important words for emphasis.
Do not talk while facing the board
Do not block the students' view of the board; stand aside when you have finished writing or drawing.
Allow sufficient time for students to copy the information from the board.
Summarize the main points at the end of the presentation..

18. Demonstration Materials
3- Posters
Use complementary (opposite-spectrum) color combinations
One color should make up as much as 70% of the display.
Balance script with white space (or another background color) and graphics to add variety and contrast.
Convey the message in common, straight­forward language
Adhere to the KISS principle (keep it simple and smart).
Keep objectives in mind

19. Demonstration Materials
Cont. Posters
Be sure content is current and free of spelling, grammar, and mathematical errors..
Avoid using all-capital letters except for very short titles and labels.
Use a title or introductory statement that orients readers to the subject.
Logically sequence the written and graphic components
Use arrows, circles, or directional lines
The ability of a poster to influence behavior or expand awareness can be greatly enhanced by careful consideration of its content, intended audience, and design elements

21. Advantages and disadvantages of demonstration materials.
Brings the learner closer to reality through active engagement
Content may be static, easily dated
Useful for cognitive reinforcement and psychomotor skill development
Can be time consuming to make
Effective use of imagery may impact affective domain
Potential for overuse
Many forms are relatively inexpensive
Not suitable use with large audiences
Opportunity for repetition
Not suitable for visually impaired learners

22. III-Audiovisual Materials
1- Projected learning resource
2- Audio learning resource
3- Video learning resource
4- Telecommunications learning resource
5- Computer learning resource

23. Projected learning recourses
I- PowerPoint
Illustrate one idea per slide.
Keep images simple by using symbols, or diagrams.
Put long lists of words or complex figures on handouts that supplement the slides.
Avoid distorted images by keeping the proportion of height to width at 2:3.
Use large, easily readable, and professional-looking lettering.

24. Projected learning recourses
2- Overhead Transparencies
Provide an outline for the teacher to follow in discussing the main points of a presentation.
Transparencies are very useful for presenting a large amount of information
Show images, illustrations, charts, or diagrams to support a topic.
Provide visual support to students as they make their own presentations and oral reports.

25. Audio learning resource
Audiotapes: Compact Discs, Cassette tapes and CDs
are very popular formats today
It can be prepared specifically to meet the needs of a learner by reinforcing facts, giving directions or providing support.
Radio
The radio has tremendously affected all of our lives for many years and is one of the oldest forms of audio technology.

26. Another , Audiovisual Materials
Videotapes and DVD
Videotapes and DVDs are one of the major non-print media tools for enhancing patient, family, staff, and student education because tapes can be simultaneously entertaining and educational

27. Telecommunications learning resource
Telecommunications is a means by which information can be transmitted via television, telephone, and satellite broadcasting. بث اذاعى Telecommunications devices have allowed messages to be sent to many people at the same time in a variety of places at great distances..

28. Computer learning resource
It is an efficient instructional tools in that educators has more time to teach other tasks not usually taught via computer such as psychomotor and affective skills.

29. Advantages and disadvantages of audiovisual materials
May be especially beneficial for visually impaired, low-literacy patients
Some forms may be expensive
Most forms very practical, cheap, small, and portable
Needs sufficient delivery system
Flexible for use with different audiences
Some purchased materials may be too long
Powerful tool for role modeling, demonstration.
Some purchased may be inappropriate for audience
Time efficient
Some purchased materials may be so complex

30. How to select materials
Ask your- self which material will best support your particular audience.
Remember that active learn involvement is best for retention of information.
Above all else, remember that instructional materials should be used to support learning only by complementing and supplementing your teaching, not by substituting for it.

31. Information retention based on level of active learner involvement.

32. Learning Recall Related to Type of Teaching Activity
Type of teaching activities
After 3 Hour
After 3 Days
Verbal (one-way) lecture
10%
Written (reading)
25%
Visual and verbal (illustrated lecture)
72%
20 %
Participatory (role play, case study, practice, etc.)
90%
70%

33. Any Questions ???