1. Political Parties October 22, 2007

2. The Constitution’s Unwanted Offspring The Constitution contains no mention of political parties. What is a political party?  An organization whose purpose is to monopolize government. Power.  One definition: “A coalition of people who seek to control government by contesting elections and winning office”  A party differs from a single candidate’s campaign because a party runs an entire slate of candidates for a wide range of offices.  A party differs from an interest group because a party seeks to win offices rather than to influence those in office. Parties are made up of ordinary voters, officeholders, office seekers, and activists

3. What do parties do? Organization  organize people by bring people under one tent. Provide information, propagandize party ideology  for the average citizen they simplify the political world Parties recruit candidates  (more commonly, politicians are self-starters) But candidates need the party label to get elected. Contest elections  Parties mobilize the electorate

4. Consequences of Party Action Form governments Form organizations: committee/party leadership  -inter-branch coalitions: between executive and leg.; senate/house  legislatures of 49 states and the US Congress are organized along party lines. Provide accountability  provide a set of people to reward or blame  Dispersal of power destroys political responsibility

5. Why only two parties? The rules of our political system play a large role in determining how voters and parties behave. Our electoral system is based on “winner take all”. It is referred to as a single member plurality system (SMD). Also referred to as “first past the post”. Under such a system, voters are discouraged from voting for smaller parties that have no chance of winning. Smaller parties are discouraged from contesting elections

6. Multi-party Systems Most modern democracies have an electoral system that is based on proportional representation. The system gives a party a share of seats in the legislature matching the share of votes it wins on election day. In most cases, parties put forth a list of candidates and citizens vote for the list. Thus voters choose among parties, not individual candidates. Voters have less of an incentive to defect (from their sincere preference) and smaller parties have a greater incentive to contest elections.

7. Sample (SMD) Ballot

9. Ireland Single Transferable Vote (STV) Voters select candidates based on their preference, i.e Mark 1 in the box for your first choice, mark 2 beside the candidate for your second choice…

10. New Zealand Proportional (Mixed) System 120 members total About 55 elected by party vote from one large national district Also divided into first- past-the-post (plurality winner) single member districts (electorate vote)

11. Implications of Two Party System Encourages parties to converge toward the “median voter”. Parties adopt moderate platforms to appeal to the broadest possible audience Difficult for voters to recognize differences

12. Example of Spatial Competition Median Voter Party A Party B Party C Number of Voters

13. Disadvantages with Having Only Two Parties Normative concerns (what is lost) Fairness  Should 50% of participating voters make govt.? Should incumbent parties draw districts? Trust  If voters are not aligned with major party, and their vote is “wasted” on a third party, will they trust government? Competition Participation  US has one of the lowest rates of participation  Why show up if vote will be wasted?

14. Advantages of Two Party System Stability  Multi-party democracy said to be unstable  Must form coalition governments  Evidence is that coalition governments are less stable than single party government Illusion of Majority Rule Accountability  “responsible party” thesis

15. How Could a Third US Party Form? Institutional Change  Prospects slim for US Congress to act  State Legislatures  Citizen’s initiative Major split in existing party Rise of regional conflict

16. Strength of Parties in the US Generally “weak” as compared to parties elsewhere Lack of recruitment (most candidates are usually self starters) Lack of funding (most candidates have to raise the bulk of their funds independently) Lack of party discipline

17. Should Parties be Strengthened? Strong parties would:  Promote party discipline  Provision of a clear choice  Concentration of power in hands of winning party

18. How Can Parties be Strengthened? Campaign Finance Reform  Allow soft money?  Limit contributions from interest groups… Reform primary system  Closed primaries