1. The Age of Mass Politics 1871-1914 Chapter 25-4

2. Great Britain 1850-1865 Realignment of Political Parties 1850-1865 Realignment of Political Parties Lord Palmerston Whig Prime Minister and dominant in British Politics Lord Palmerston Whig Prime Minister and dominant in British Politics Tory Party became the Conservative Party Tory Party became the Conservative Party Led by Disraeli Led by Disraeli Whig Party became the Liberal Party Whig Party became the Liberal Party Led by Gladstone Led by Gladstone

3. After 1865 expanded democracy under both major parties Benjamin Desraeli wanted: Benjamin Desraeli wanted: Aggressive foreign policy Aggressive foreign policy Expansion of the British Empire Expansion of the British Empire Supported (reluctantly) democratic reforms Supported (reluctantly) democratic reforms Wrote Sybil (1845) sympathetic to working class Wrote Sybil (1845) sympathetic to working class Influenced by John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty: increased democracy necessary Influenced by John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty: increased democracy necessary

4. Desraeli Reform Bill of 1867 “The Leap in the Dark”: Reform Bill of 1867 “The Leap in the Dark”: Almost all men over 21 residing in urban areas gained the vote Almost all men over 21 residing in urban areas gained the vote Doubled the # of men voting Doubled the # of men voting But still not universal male suffrage But still not universal male suffrage

5. Disraeli’s Reforms Eliminated more “Rotten Boroughs” Eliminated more “Rotten Boroughs” More equitable representation in the House of Commons More equitable representation in the House of Commons 1875 Reduced government regulation of trade unions 1875 Reduced government regulation of trade unions Government regulations for improved sanitation Government regulations for improved sanitation

6. William Gladstone Most important liberal figure in 19 th century England Most important liberal figure in 19 th century England Supported Irish Home Rule Supported Irish Home Rule Free Trade Free Trade Extension of Democratic principles Extension of Democratic principles Opposed Imperialism Opposed Imperialism Abolished compulsory taxes to support the Church of England Abolished compulsory taxes to support the Church of England

7. Gladstone 1872 Australian Ballot Act (earlier Chartist demand) 1872 Australian Ballot Act (earlier Chartist demand) 1870 Civil Service Reform: open competitive examinations for government positions 1870 Civil Service Reform: open competitive examinations for government positions Reform Act of 1884 (Representation of the People Act of 1884): Granted suffrage to male adults in countryside Reform Act of 1884 (Representation of the People Act of 1884): Granted suffrage to male adults in countryside Two million new voters Two million new voters

8. Others hoping to expand Democracy: Included: Included: Women’s Suffrage Advocates Women’s Suffrage Advocates Anti-imperialists Anti-imperialists Socialists Socialists Anti-nationalists Anti-nationalists

9. The Fabian Society 1883 One of the most popular One of the most popular Advocated a form of revisionist Marxism Advocated a form of revisionist Marxism Wanted political democracy and economic socialism Wanted political democracy and economic socialism

10. Keir Hardie’s Independent Labor Party 1893 Very popular third party Very popular third party Attracted trade unionists, socialists, and all others who believed that Conservatives and liberals had no genuine interests in the needs of the general public Attracted trade unionists, socialists, and all others who believed that Conservatives and liberals had no genuine interests in the needs of the general public

11. 1905-1920’s Liberal Party Parliament Act of 1911: Parliament Act of 1911: Eliminated some powers of the House of Lords Eliminated some powers of the House of Lords House of Commons now center of national power House of Commons now center of national power Life-span of Parliament reduced: Life-span of Parliament reduced: From 7 years to 5 years From 7 years to 5 years

12. Liberal Party The social welfare state created in the decade prior to WWI The social welfare state created in the decade prior to WWI Was meant to guarantee all citizens with a decent standard of living; Was meant to guarantee all citizens with a decent standard of living; Right of unions to strike Right of unions to strike Government insurance for job-related injuries Government insurance for job-related injuries Unemployment insurance Unemployment insurance Old Age pensions Old Age pensions Compulsory education laws Compulsory education laws

13. Liberal Party Reforms continued Taxes were increased on the wealthy to fund the welfare state Taxes were increased on the wealthy to fund the welfare state Representation of the People Act 1918: granted suffrage to women over 30 Representation of the People Act 1918: granted suffrage to women over 30 All men gained suffrage All men gained suffrage Property qualifications were eliminated Property qualifications were eliminated

14. Women’s Suffrage Movement in England By the 1890’s women’s rights activists realized that suffrage was the key to fixing their problems By the 1890’s women’s rights activists realized that suffrage was the key to fixing their problems Men had not done enough to protect women from exploitation and abuse Men had not done enough to protect women from exploitation and abuse Many believed that women’s involvement was needed in public affairs Many believed that women’s involvement was needed in public affairs

15. Women Most Suffragettes came from the Middle Class Most Suffragettes came from the Middle Class Their education had exposed them to earlier feminist works (John Stuart Mill) Their education had exposed them to earlier feminist works (John Stuart Mill) Many middle class women had servants which freed up some time to work on feminist causes Many middle class women had servants which freed up some time to work on feminist causes Working class women and socialists did not trust the middle class and worked on their own Working class women and socialists did not trust the middle class and worked on their own

16. Women Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929) Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929) Led the NUWSS (National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies) Led the NUWSS (National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies) Demanded that Parliament grant women’s suffrage Demanded that Parliament grant women’s suffrage Helped to grow the suffrage movement Helped to grow the suffrage movement Was knighted in 1924 Was knighted in 1924

17. Women Emmeilin Pankhurst led militant suffragettes Emmeilin Pankhurst led militant suffragettes Founded (along with her daughter) the WSPU (Women’s Social and Political Union) Founded (along with her daughter) the WSPU (Women’s Social and Political Union) Beginning in 1907 destroyed RR stations, works of art, broke store windows, chained themselves to gates in front of Parliament Beginning in 1907 destroyed RR stations, works of art, broke store windows, chained themselves to gates in front of Parliament Organized parades and demonstrations Organized parades and demonstrations

18. Women Many women were arrested and jailed Many women were arrested and jailed Went on hunger strikes and were force-fed Went on hunger strikes and were force-fed Public outrage so Public outrage so Parliament passed “Cat and Mouse” Act: sent starving women home and when recovered were rejailed Parliament passed “Cat and Mouse” Act: sent starving women home and when recovered were rejailed 1913 Emily Davison threw herself in front of the king’s horse and was killed 1913 Emily Davison threw herself in front of the king’s horse and was killed

19. Women Representation of the People’s Act 1918: gave women over 30 the right to vote due to their contributions during WWI Representation of the People’s Act 1918: gave women over 30 the right to vote due to their contributions during WWI Reform Act of 1928: Women over 21 given the vote Reform Act of 1928: Women over 21 given the vote

20. The Irish Question 1848 Young Ireland: nationalistic movement 1848 Young Ireland: nationalistic movement The Irish question was the most serious and reoccurring problem faced by Britain between 1890-1914 The Irish question was the most serious and reoccurring problem faced by Britain between 1890-1914 Gladstone had pushed unsuccessfully for Irish Home rule Gladstone had pushed unsuccessfully for Irish Home rule Ulster opposed Irish Home Rule: Protestant counties in Northern Ireland Ulster opposed Irish Home Rule: Protestant counties in Northern Ireland

21. Ulster

22. 1914 Irish Home Rule Act Was not supported by Ulsterites Was not supported by Ulsterites Raised an army of 100,000+ Raised an army of 100,000+ Were supported by British public opinion Were supported by British public opinion Was not put into effect until after WWI Was not put into effect until after WWI Easter Rebellion 1916 crushed by British troops Easter Rebellion 1916 crushed by British troops 1922 Ireland independent BYT Northern Ireland remained part of the British Empire 1922 Ireland independent BYT Northern Ireland remained part of the British Empire

23. The Eastern Question in the 1870’s A constant state of crisis in te Balkans as the Ottoman Empire receded A constant state of crisis in te Balkans as the Ottoman Empire receded Russia wanted to rule in the Balkans Russia wanted to rule in the Balkans Austria-Hungry wanted it too Austria-Hungry wanted it too Pan-Slavism: Russia’s dream of uniting all Slavic peoples under one government: Russia Pan-Slavism: Russia’s dream of uniting all Slavic peoples under one government: Russia

24. The Balkans Russia Defeated the Turks 1878 and was in a good position to dominate the Balkans Russia Defeated the Turks 1878 and was in a good position to dominate the Balkans British sent the royal Navy to help the Turks against Russia British sent the royal Navy to help the Turks against Russia Bismarck offered to mediate the crisis Bismarck offered to mediate the crisis

25. 1878 The Congress of Berlin Russia gained very little in spite of defeating the Turks Russia gained very little in spite of defeating the Turks Will lead to resentment against Germany (Bismarck) Will lead to resentment against Germany (Bismarck) Will lead to a new system of alliances Will lead to a new system of alliances

26. The Congress of Berlin 1878 Recognition of Romania, Serbia, Montenegro as independent states Recognition of Romania, Serbia, Montenegro as independent states Established the autonomy of Bulgaria (within the Ottoman Empire) Established the autonomy of Bulgaria (within the Ottoman Empire) Transferred Cyprus to Great Britain Transferred Cyprus to Great Britain Nothing for Russia Nothing for Russia Due to Disraeli’s influence although Russia will blame Bismarck Due to Disraeli’s influence although Russia will blame Bismarck