1. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 1 Emergency Interfacing: Military and Civil Communications in Crisis Response Scenarios Applied CIS Technology Branch CIS Division NATO Command, Control & Consultation Agency pcs@nc3a.info

2. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 2 Crisis Response Scenarios Crisis scenarios where a response is requiredCrisis scenarios where a response is required Natural disastersNatural disasters –Flooding (Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, UK) –Earthquakes (Italy, Turkey, USA) –Hurricanes and Ice storms (Canada, USA) Non-natural disastersNon-natural disasters –Transport crashes (Canada, Germany, Norway) –Fires (Germany, Netherlands) –Terrorism Crisis Response OperationsCrisis Response Operations ‘Traditional’ military CRO‘Traditional’ military CRO Peace-keeping, peace-support, Operations Other than War etcPeace-keeping, peace-support, Operations Other than War etc Crisis scenarios where a response is requiredCrisis scenarios where a response is required Natural disastersNatural disasters –Flooding (Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, UK) –Earthquakes (Italy, Turkey, USA) –Hurricanes and Ice storms (Canada, USA) Non-natural disastersNon-natural disasters –Transport crashes (Canada, Germany, Norway) –Fires (Germany, Netherlands) –Terrorism Crisis Response OperationsCrisis Response Operations ‘Traditional’ military CRO‘Traditional’ military CRO Peace-keeping, peace-support, Operations Other than War etcPeace-keeping, peace-support, Operations Other than War etc

3. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 3 Military and Civil Communications In all previous disaster scenarios the military has been involved to support civil emergency services in a co-ordinated mannerIn all previous disaster scenarios the military has been involved to support civil emergency services in a co-ordinated manner In ‘traditional’ CRO, military works with NGOs, local services etcIn ‘traditional’ CRO, military works with NGOs, local services etc Communications between military and civil emergency services are vitalCommunications between military and civil emergency services are vital Both have effective individual communications systems - the interface between is vitalBoth have effective individual communications systems - the interface between is vital In all previous disaster scenarios the military has been involved to support civil emergency services in a co-ordinated mannerIn all previous disaster scenarios the military has been involved to support civil emergency services in a co-ordinated manner In ‘traditional’ CRO, military works with NGOs, local services etcIn ‘traditional’ CRO, military works with NGOs, local services etc Communications between military and civil emergency services are vitalCommunications between military and civil emergency services are vital Both have effective individual communications systems - the interface between is vitalBoth have effective individual communications systems - the interface between is vital

4. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 4 Effect of Disasters on Telecoms Area affectedArea affected Natural - widespreadNatural - widespread Man-made - limitedMan-made - limited Communications AffectedCommunications Affected Fixed lineFixed line –Congestion and/or disruption RadioRadio –Congestion and/or disruption –Loss of power –Loss of infrastructure –Priority mechanisms utilised occasionally –From Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Civil Communications Planning Committee (N/EAPC U) Area affectedArea affected Natural - widespreadNatural - widespread Man-made - limitedMan-made - limited Communications AffectedCommunications Affected Fixed lineFixed line –Congestion and/or disruption RadioRadio –Congestion and/or disruption –Loss of power –Loss of infrastructure –Priority mechanisms utilised occasionally –From Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Civil Communications Planning Committee (N/EAPC U)

5. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 5 Emergency Telecoms: What’s needed Communications system requirements:Communications system requirements: Rapidly deployableRapidly deployable Easy to useEasy to use –no time for operator training Self supportingSelf supporting Interconnected to other networksInterconnected to other networks High capacityHigh capacity –Congestion is a recurring problem in many emergency scenarios Communications system requirements:Communications system requirements: Rapidly deployableRapidly deployable Easy to useEasy to use –no time for operator training Self supportingSelf supporting Interconnected to other networksInterconnected to other networks High capacityHigh capacity –Congestion is a recurring problem in many emergency scenarios

6. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 6 Pictures courtesy of DERA / Qinetiq (UK) Military Use; Civil Technology

7. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 7 COTS GSM for Emergency Scenarios GSM Piconode Standalone GSM infrastructureStandalone GSM infrastructure BTS, BSC, MSC, NMSBTS, BSC, MSC, NMS Deployable - 20 kg, 0.6 m 3Deployable - 20 kg, 0.6 m 3 Can be connected to other networksCan be connected to other networks GSM, PSTN, PABXGSM, PSTN, PABX Satellite backhaulSatellite backhaul Tactical MilitaryTactical Military Used by UK in KosovoUsed by UK in Kosovo GSM Piconode Standalone GSM infrastructureStandalone GSM infrastructure BTS, BSC, MSC, NMSBTS, BSC, MSC, NMS Deployable - 20 kg, 0.6 m 3Deployable - 20 kg, 0.6 m 3 Can be connected to other networksCan be connected to other networks GSM, PSTN, PABXGSM, PSTN, PABX Satellite backhaulSatellite backhaul Tactical MilitaryTactical Military Used by UK in KosovoUsed by UK in Kosovo GSM is useful, but no security Not just GSM, any digital mobile radio GSM is useful, but no security Not just GSM, any digital mobile radio … like TETRA GSM & GPS GSM data services support useful services for Emergency OperationsGSM data services support useful services for Emergency Operations Position reportingPosition reporting Status monitoringStatus monitoring GSM & GPS GSM data services support useful services for Emergency OperationsGSM data services support useful services for Emergency Operations Position reportingPosition reporting Status monitoringStatus monitoring

8. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 8 Military Position Reporting, Civil Bearer C2PC Common Operation Picture software operating over a TETRA network

9. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 9 C2PC with TETRA

10. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 10 ITSI: 12... End to end encrypted data services SFPG Recommendation 07 describes an end to end encryption framework for short data servicesSFPG Recommendation 07 describes an end to end encryption framework for short data services Based on Framework for encrypted speechBased on Framework for encrypted speech Supports small applications such as position reporting functions etcSupports small applications such as position reporting functions etc SFPG Recommendation 07 describes an end to end encryption framework for short data servicesSFPG Recommendation 07 describes an end to end encryption framework for short data services Based on Framework for encrypted speechBased on Framework for encrypted speech Supports small applications such as position reporting functions etcSupports small applications such as position reporting functions etc

11. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 11 Military - Civil Interface Interface between COTS TETRA network and military networkInterface between COTS TETRA network and military network PC running LinuxPC running Linux NC3A developed interface softwareNC3A developed interface software Converts GPS to OTH/Gold format for MCISConverts GPS to OTH/Gold format for MCIS Interface between COTS TETRA network and military networkInterface between COTS TETRA network and military network PC running LinuxPC running Linux NC3A developed interface softwareNC3A developed interface software Converts GPS to OTH/Gold format for MCISConverts GPS to OTH/Gold format for MCIS

12. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 12 TETRA Services Group CommunicationGroup Communication Fast call set upFast call set up –compared to GSM (300 msec typical for local area calls) All informed half-duplex nets (i.e. broadcast and multicast) availableAll informed half-duplex nets (i.e. broadcast and multicast) available Direct Mode OperationDirect Mode Operation No infrastructureNo infrastructure Gateways and RepeatersGateways and Repeaters Emergency & Incident handlingEmergency & Incident handling Call priorities & preemptionCall priorities & preemption Emergency buttonEmergency button Passive monitoringPassive monitoring DispatchingDispatching Net Control Station - Directed NetsNet Control Station - Directed Nets TETRA services  Combat Net Radio featuresTETRA services  Combat Net Radio features Group CommunicationGroup Communication Fast call set upFast call set up –compared to GSM (300 msec typical for local area calls) All informed half-duplex nets (i.e. broadcast and multicast) availableAll informed half-duplex nets (i.e. broadcast and multicast) available Direct Mode OperationDirect Mode Operation No infrastructureNo infrastructure Gateways and RepeatersGateways and Repeaters Emergency & Incident handlingEmergency & Incident handling Call priorities & preemptionCall priorities & preemption Emergency buttonEmergency button Passive monitoringPassive monitoring DispatchingDispatching Net Control Station - Directed NetsNet Control Station - Directed Nets TETRA services  Combat Net Radio featuresTETRA services  Combat Net Radio features

13. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 13 TETRA - Military Services; Civil Standard  Developed for Public Safety & Security with C 3 features  Group Communication Direct Mode Operation ( when no infrastructure)Direct Mode Operation ( when no infrastructure) Emergency facilities ( call priorities & preemption)Emergency facilities ( call priorities & preemption) DispatchingDispatching TETRA services  Combat Net Radio featuresTETRA services  Combat Net Radio features has many large, security conscious user groupshas many large, security conscious user groups –Large user groups -- COTS equipment  Developed for Public Safety & Security with C 3 features  Group Communication Direct Mode Operation ( when no infrastructure)Direct Mode Operation ( when no infrastructure) Emergency facilities ( call priorities & preemption)Emergency facilities ( call priorities & preemption) DispatchingDispatching TETRA services  Combat Net Radio featuresTETRA services  Combat Net Radio features has many large, security conscious user groupshas many large, security conscious user groups –Large user groups -- COTS equipment

14. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 14 Why COTS PCS ? Military role has changedMilitary role has changed Peace-keepingPeace-keeping Peace-supportPeace-support Crisis responseCrisis response OOW, Non-article 5 operationsOOW, Non-article 5 operations Composition of forces has changedComposition of forces has changed increasingly multi-service, multi-nationalincreasingly multi-service, multi-national Military budgets have changedMilitary budgets have changed Military role has changedMilitary role has changed Peace-keepingPeace-keeping Peace-supportPeace-support Crisis responseCrisis response OOW, Non-article 5 operationsOOW, Non-article 5 operations Composition of forces has changedComposition of forces has changed increasingly multi-service, multi-nationalincreasingly multi-service, multi-national Military budgets have changedMilitary budgets have changed

15. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 15 NC3A PCS Study Study all available Personal Communications SystemsStudy all available Personal Communications Systems terrestrial, satcom, COTS & GOTSterrestrial, satcom, COTS & GOTS Evaluate for use against a detailed Crisis Response scenarioEvaluate for use against a detailed Crisis Response scenario Match for suitabilityMatch for suitability different users e.g. military, policing, NGOs, VSOsdifferent users e.g. military, policing, NGOs, VSOs different applications e.g. speech, location, data, videodifferent applications e.g. speech, location, data, video different tasks e.g. liaison, reconnaissancedifferent tasks e.g. liaison, reconnaissance different phases e.g. initial deployment to long-term peace supportdifferent phases e.g. initial deployment to long-term peace support Study all available Personal Communications SystemsStudy all available Personal Communications Systems terrestrial, satcom, COTS & GOTSterrestrial, satcom, COTS & GOTS Evaluate for use against a detailed Crisis Response scenarioEvaluate for use against a detailed Crisis Response scenario Match for suitabilityMatch for suitability different users e.g. military, policing, NGOs, VSOsdifferent users e.g. military, policing, NGOs, VSOs different applications e.g. speech, location, data, videodifferent applications e.g. speech, location, data, video different tasks e.g. liaison, reconnaissancedifferent tasks e.g. liaison, reconnaissance different phases e.g. initial deployment to long-term peace supportdifferent phases e.g. initial deployment to long-term peace support IDENTIFICATION

16. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 16 TETRA Applications & Services Speech ServicesSpeech Services TalkgroupsTalkgroups –patrols, compound security –logistics Conference CallsConference Calls –command net –liaison, high quality Priority and Pre-emptionPriority and Pre-emption Interconnection / InteroperabilityInterconnection / Interoperability PSTN (if there is one)PSTN (if there is one) Military networksMilitary networks Speech ServicesSpeech Services TalkgroupsTalkgroups –patrols, compound security –logistics Conference CallsConference Calls –command net –liaison, high quality Priority and Pre-emptionPriority and Pre-emption Interconnection / InteroperabilityInterconnection / Interoperability PSTN (if there is one)PSTN (if there is one) Military networksMilitary networks Location servicesLocation services –patrols, logistics, MessagingMessaging –commanders, logistics –policing, compound security –status messages, VIN checks Other data servicesOther data services –file transfer, COP –liaison, command net, logistics updates VideoVideo –VTC for liaison –tele-medicine –reconnaissance Location servicesLocation services –patrols, logistics, MessagingMessaging –commanders, logistics –policing, compound security –status messages, VIN checks Other data servicesOther data services –file transfer, COP –liaison, command net, logistics updates VideoVideo –VTC for liaison –tele-medicine –reconnaissance

17. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 17 NC3A TETRA Evaluation System SHAPE - June ‘01

18. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 18

19. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 19 Where is NC3A using ? NC3A, NLNC3A, NL SHAPE, BESHAPE, BE JWID 2001JWID 2001 PolandPoland Strong ResolveStrong Resolve Baumholder, GEBaumholder, GE Combined Endeavour 2002Combined Endeavour 2002 Banja Luka, BiHBanja Luka, BiH SFOR/BRITFOR trial (97 Signal Sqdn, UK)SFOR/BRITFOR trial (97 Signal Sqdn, UK) NC3A, NLNC3A, NL SHAPE, BESHAPE, BE JWID 2001JWID 2001 PolandPoland Strong ResolveStrong Resolve Baumholder, GEBaumholder, GE Combined Endeavour 2002Combined Endeavour 2002 Banja Luka, BiHBanja Luka, BiH SFOR/BRITFOR trial (97 Signal Sqdn, UK)SFOR/BRITFOR trial (97 Signal Sqdn, UK)

20. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 20 ETSI Standards; NATO Exercises NC3A TETRA system isNC3A TETRA system is MobileMobile DeployableDeployable Easy to useEasy to use NC3A TETRA system isNC3A TETRA system is MobileMobile DeployableDeployable Easy to useEasy to use Combined Endeavour 2002Combined Endeavour 2002 Strong ResolveStrong Resolve Used to establish comms infrastructure for exerciseUsed to establish comms infrastructure for exercise SFOR trial, Banja LukaSFOR trial, Banja Luka 2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK Combined Endeavour 2002Combined Endeavour 2002 Strong ResolveStrong Resolve Used to establish comms infrastructure for exerciseUsed to establish comms infrastructure for exercise SFOR trial, Banja LukaSFOR trial, Banja Luka 2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK

21. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 21 Military and Civil Interfacing PSTN, Public Safety Mobile Radio and Tactical Military Comms PSTN / TETRA / Autoko trials AUTOKO - German Army tactical comms Clear speech interoperability PSTN / TETRA / Autoko trials AUTOKO - German Army tactical comms Clear speech interoperability

22. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 22 Secure Voice Communications Military and many public safety users want secure speech servicesMilitary and many public safety users want secure speech services In emergency scenarios public safety users may want privacy from mediaIn emergency scenarios public safety users may want privacy from media Security against eavesdropping and disruptionSecurity against eavesdropping and disruption Must consider and protect against emergencies where cause is deliberateMust consider and protect against emergencies where cause is deliberate Unprotected communications leaves rescuers vulnerableUnprotected communications leaves rescuers vulnerable Military and many public safety users want secure speech servicesMilitary and many public safety users want secure speech services In emergency scenarios public safety users may want privacy from mediaIn emergency scenarios public safety users may want privacy from media Security against eavesdropping and disruptionSecurity against eavesdropping and disruption Must consider and protect against emergencies where cause is deliberateMust consider and protect against emergencies where cause is deliberate Unprotected communications leaves rescuers vulnerableUnprotected communications leaves rescuers vulnerable

23. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 23 Security in TETRA Standards EncryptionEncryption Air interface encryption between Mobile and InfrastructureAir interface encryption between Mobile and Infrastructure End-to-end encryption SFPG Rec 02End-to-end encryption SFPG Rec 02 AuthenticationAuthentication prevention against spoofing, denial of serviceprevention against spoofing, denial of service protect network accessprotect network access Secure disabling and enabling of terminalsSecure disabling and enabling of terminals temporary and permanenttemporary and permanent Encryption (4) and authentication (1) standard algorithms plus user defined algorithmsEncryption (4) and authentication (1) standard algorithms plus user defined algorithms Key managementKey management Key load, OTAKKey load, OTAK EncryptionEncryption Air interface encryption between Mobile and InfrastructureAir interface encryption between Mobile and Infrastructure End-to-end encryption SFPG Rec 02End-to-end encryption SFPG Rec 02 AuthenticationAuthentication prevention against spoofing, denial of serviceprevention against spoofing, denial of service protect network accessprotect network access Secure disabling and enabling of terminalsSecure disabling and enabling of terminals temporary and permanenttemporary and permanent Encryption (4) and authentication (1) standard algorithms plus user defined algorithmsEncryption (4) and authentication (1) standard algorithms plus user defined algorithms Key managementKey management Key load, OTAKKey load, OTAK

24. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 24 Optional within TETRA Standards (network is untrusted) Mandatory within TETRA Standards (network is trusted) OverviewOverview protected vulnerable Air interface encryption protected End-to-end encryption

25. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 25 ETSI TETRA Standard 300-392-7 Clause 7 Voice Codec Standard TETRA air interface encryption and Key Management Short Data Service Key Management Encryption Sync flag TETRA Standards support End to end encryption End to end encryption is a terminal issue Sw Mi Standard is flexible to allow different solutions for government / commercial users

26. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 26 Contents Introduction Overview Physical Realisation Issues Use of Algorithms Key Management Interoperability Threats Specifications Appendices User profiles Additional detail to be specified Sample specification (IDEA) Sample Test Data TETRA Security and Fraud Prevention Group Guidance on implementing end-to-end encryption within ETSI Standards Prepared with public safety, commercial & military input Courtesy of D Parkinson, BT Exact

27. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 27 TETRA Civil Technology, Military Security Need to interface during the standards making processNeed to interface during the standards making process User requirementsUser requirements Technical specTechnical spec Need to interface during the standards making processNeed to interface during the standards making process User requirementsUser requirements Technical specTechnical spec TETRA Standards End to End Encryption SFPG Recommendation 02 Algorithm Vocoder Commercial or national (public safety or military) algorithm Vocoder (TETRA ACELP, AMR or MELPe)

28. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 28 A Digression on Congestion Avoiding it: Military Vocoder vs Civil Vocoder Congestion is a problem in emergency scenariosCongestion is a problem in emergency scenarios Choice of voice coderChoice of voice coder Military is used to minimising throughput for low capacity channelsMilitary is used to minimising throughput for low capacity channels Same speech intelligibility, half the throughputSame speech intelligibility, half the throughput InteroperabilityInteroperability More on MELPe at http://www.iee.org/OnComms/pn/communicationsMore on MELPe at http://www.iee.org/OnComms/pn/communications Frequency congestion and allocationFrequency congestion and allocation Male speaker Female speaker Voice Coders COTS X = 6 kbps COTS Y = 4.56 kbps COTS X = 4.56 kbps MELPe = 2.4 kbps MELPe is NATO Stanag 4591

29. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 29 Frequency Allocation in Europe MoU on common frequency allocation has been signed by most European countries MoU on common frequency allocation has been signed by most European countries Some nations sharing allocation and responsibility for public safety and commercial use - operational benefits Some nations sharing allocation and responsibility for public safety and commercial use - operational benefits Could share military and civil allocations - operational benefits, political risks Could share military and civil allocations - operational benefits, political risks Public Safety & Security Currently Reserved NATO Military 380390400383385395393

30. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 30 Security for other COTS PCS Summary of Trials with Early Commercial ‘Secure’ GSM Location Reliability Quality Location Reliability Quality Within NL60-70%GoodWithin NL60-70%Good Outside NL, UrbanOutside NL, Urban Within country90 %GoodWithin country90 %Good InternationalPoorInternationalPoor Rural33 %PoorRural33 %Poor GSM - PSTN40 %PoorGSM - PSTN40 %Poor But no NL-BE connectivityBut no NL-BE connectivity Standard COTS services didn’t work as expectedStandard COTS services didn’t work as expected Location Reliability Quality Location Reliability Quality Within NL60-70%GoodWithin NL60-70%Good Outside NL, UrbanOutside NL, Urban Within country90 %GoodWithin country90 %Good InternationalPoorInternationalPoor Rural33 %PoorRural33 %Poor GSM - PSTN40 %PoorGSM - PSTN40 %Poor But no NL-BE connectivityBut no NL-BE connectivity Standard COTS services didn’t work as expectedStandard COTS services didn’t work as expected

31. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 31 Military Secure GSM Swedish/Norwegian ProjectSwedish/Norwegian Project Integrated GSM / DECT unitIntegrated GSM / DECT unit DECT via satelliteDECT via satellite Encrypted Voice + DataEncrypted Voice + Data High gradeHigh grade NATO and commercial versionsNATO and commercial versions ReliableReliable

32. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 32 SummarySummary Long history of military forces working with public safety in emergenciesLong history of military forces working with public safety in emergencies NATO is prepared for this roleNATO is prepared for this role –e.g. NATO Civil Communications Planning Committee Current events make military-public safety co-operation more likely and more importantCurrent events make military-public safety co-operation more likely and more important Need effective, secure communicationsNeed effective, secure communications Need commonality for quick and easy interfacing (interconnection and interoperability)Need commonality for quick and easy interfacing (interconnection and interoperability) requires planning from the startrequires planning from the start involvement by all in requirement definition and standards processinvolvement by all in requirement definition and standards process Long history of military forces working with public safety in emergenciesLong history of military forces working with public safety in emergencies NATO is prepared for this roleNATO is prepared for this role –e.g. NATO Civil Communications Planning Committee Current events make military-public safety co-operation more likely and more importantCurrent events make military-public safety co-operation more likely and more important Need effective, secure communicationsNeed effective, secure communications Need commonality for quick and easy interfacing (interconnection and interoperability)Need commonality for quick and easy interfacing (interconnection and interoperability) requires planning from the startrequires planning from the start involvement by all in requirement definition and standards processinvolvement by all in requirement definition and standards process

33. NATO UNCLASSIFIED 33 Questions ? http:// nc3a.info/PCShttp:// nc3a.info/PCS Email: pcs@nc3a.infoEmail: pcs@nc3a.info http:// nc3a.info/PCShttp:// nc3a.info/PCS Email: pcs@nc3a.infoEmail: pcs@nc3a.info