1. Evolution of bacterial regulatory systems Mikhail Gelfand Research and Training Center “Bioinformatics” Institute for Information Transmission Problems Moscow, Russia January 2008

2. Plan Individual sites Transcription factors and their binding signals Regulatory systems and regulons

3. Birth and death of sites is a very dynamic process NadR-binding sites upstream of pnuB seem absent in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens

4. … but there are candidate sites further upstream …

5. … and they are clearly different (not simply misaligned).

6. Cryptic sites and loss of regulators Loss of RbsR in Y. pestis (ABC-transporter also is lost) Start codon of rbsD RbsR binding site

7. Unexpected conservation of non-consensus positions in orthologous sites regulatory site of LexA upstream of lexA consensus nucleotides are in caps wrong consensus?

8. TF PurR, gene purL TF PurR, gene purM

9. Non-consensus positions are more conserved than synonymous codon positions

10. Regulators and their motifs Cases of motif conservation at surprisingly large distances Subtle changes at close evolutionary distances Correlation between contacting nucleotides and amino acid residues Changes in symmetry patterns

11. NrdR (regulator of ribonucleotide reducases and some other replication-related genes): conservation at large distances

12. DNA motifs and protein-DNA interactions CRP PurR IHFTrpR Entropy at aligned sites and the number of contacts (heavy atoms in a base pair at a distance <cutoff from a protein atom)

13. The LacI family: subtle changes in motifs at close distances G A n CGCG GnGn GCGC

14. Specificity-determining positions in the LacI family Training set: 459 sequences average length: 338 amino acids, 85 specificity groups 10 residues contact NPF (analog of the effector) 6 residues in the intersubunit contacts 7 residues contact the operator sequence 7 residues in the effector contact zone (5Ǻ<d min <10Ǻ) 5 residues in the intersubunit contact zone (5Ǻ<d min <10Ǻ) 6 residues in the operator contact zone (5Ǻ<d min <10Ǻ) – 44 SDPs LacI from E.coli

15. The CRP/FNR family of regulators

16. Correlation between contacting nucleotides and amino acid residues CooA in Desulfovibrio spp. CRP in Gamma-proteobacteria HcpR in Desulfovibrio spp. FNR in Gamma-proteobacteria DD COOA ALTTEQLSLHMGATRQTVSTLLNNLVR DV COOA ELTMEQLAGLVGTTRQTASTLLNDMIR EC CRP KITRQEIGQIVGCSRETVGRILKMLED YP CRP KXTRQEIGQIVGCSRETVGRILKMLED VC CRP KITRQEIGQIVGCSRETVGRILKMLEE DD HCPR DVSKSLLAGVLGTARETLSRALAKLVE DV HCPR DVTKGLLAGLLGTARETLSRCLSRMVE EC FNR TMTRGDIGNYLGLTVETISRLLGRFQK YP FNR TMTRGDIGNYLGLTVETISRLLGRFQK VC FNR TMTRGDIGNYLGLTVETISRLLGRFQK TGTCGGCnnGCCGACA TTGTgAnnnnnnTcACAA TTGTGAnnnnnnTCACAA TTGATnnnnATCAA Contacting residues: REnnnR TG: 1 st arginine GA: glutamate and 2 nd arginine

17. The correlation holds for other factors in the family

18. NrtR (regulator of NAD metabolism): systematic search for correlated positions analysis of correlated positions in proteins and sites analysis of specificity determining positions the same positions in one alpha-helix identified plans for experimental verification

19. NiaR: changed dimer structure? The GalR family and C- proteins of RM- systems: direct and inverted repeats BirA: changed spacing

20. What are the events leading to the present-day state? Expansion and contraction of regulons New regulators (where from?) Duplications of regulators with or without regulated loci Loss of regulators with or without regulated loci Re-assortment of regulators and structural genes … especially in complex systems Horizontal transfer

21. Trehalose/maltose catabolism in alpha-proteobacteria Duplicated LacI-family regulators: lineage- specific post-duplication loss

22. The binding motifs are very similar (the blue branch is somewhat different: to avoid cross-recognition?)

23. Utilization of an unknown galactoside in gamma-proteobacteria Loss of regulator and merger of regulons: It seems that laci-X was present in the common ancestor (Klebsiella is an outgroup) Yersinia and Klebsiella: two regulons, GalR and Laci-X Erwinia: one regulon, GalR

24. Utilization of maltose/maltodextrin in Firmicutes Displacement: invasion of a regulator from a different subfamily (horizontal transfer from a related species?) – blue sites

25. Orthologous TFs with completely different regulons (alpha-proteobaceria and Xanthomonadales)

26. Catabolism of gluconate in proteobacteria

27. Extreme variability of the regulation of “marginal” regulon members γ Pseudomonas spp. β

28. Regulation of amino acid biosynthesis in Firmicutes Interplay between regulatory RNA elements and transcription factors Expansion of T-box systems (normally – RNA structures regulating aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetases)

29. Three regulatory systems for the methionine bio- synthesis A.SAM- dependent riboswitch B.Met-T-box C. MtaR: repressor of transcription MtaR

30. Methionine regulatory systems: loss of S-box regulons S-boxes (SAM-1 riboswitch) –Bacillales –Clostridiales –the Zoo: Petrotoga actinobacteria (Streptomyces, Thermobifida) Chlorobium, Chloroflexus, Cytophaga Fusobacterium Deinococcus proteobacteria (Xanthomonas, Geobacter) Met-T-boxes (Met-tRNA-dependent attenuator) + SAM-2 riboswitch for metK –Lactobacillales MET-boxes (candidate transcription signal) –Streptococcales Lact. Strep. Bac. Clostr. ZOO

31. Recent duplications and bursts: Arg-T-box in Clostridium difficile

32. … following transcription factor loss

33. Regulon expansion, or how FruR has become CRA CRA (a.k.a. FruR) in Escherichia coli: –global regulator –well-studied in experiment (many regulated genes known) Going back in time: looking for candidate CRA/FruR sites upstream of (orthologs of) genes known to be regulated in E.coli

34. Common ancestor of gamma-proteobacteria icdA aceA aceB aceEF pckA ppsApykF adhE gpmApgk tpiA gapA pfkA fbp Fructose fruKfruBA eda edd epd Glucose ptsHI-crr Mannose manXYZ mtlD mtlA Mannitol Gamma-proteobacteria

35. Common ancestor of the Enterobacteriales icdA aceA aceB aceEF pckA ppsApykF adhE gpmApgk tpiA gapA pfkA fbp Fructose fruKfruBA eda edd epd Glucose ptsHI-crr Mannose manXYZ mtlD mtlA Mannitol Gamma-proteobacteria Enterobacteriales

36. Common ancestor of Escherichia and Salmonella icdA aceA aceB aceEF pckA ppsApykF adhE gpmApgk tpiA gapA pfkA fbp Fructose fruKfruBA eda edd epd Glucose ptsHI-crr Mannose manXYZ mtlD mtlA Mannitol Gamma-proteobacteria Enterobacteriales E. coli and Salmonella spp.

37. Life without Fur

38. Regulation of iron homeostasis (the Escherichia coli paradigm) Iron: essential cofactor (limiting in many environments) dangerous at large concentrations FUR (responds to iron): synthesis of siderophores transport (siderophores, heme, Fe 2+, Fe 3+ ) storage iron-dependent enzymes synthesis of heme synthesis of Fe-S clusters Similar in Bacillus subtilis

39. Regulation of iron homeostasis in α-proteobacteria Experimental studies: FUR/MUR: Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium RirA (Rrf2 family): Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium Irr (FUR family): Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium and Brucella RirA Irr FeSheme RirA degraded Fur Fe Fur Iron uptak e systems Sideroph ore uptake Fe / Fe uptake Transcription factors 2+3+ Iron storage ferritins FeS synthesis Heme synthesis Iron-requiring enzymes [iron cofactor] IscR Irr [- Fe] [+Fe] [- Fe] [+Fe] [ Fe]- FeS FeS status of cell

40. Distribution of transcription factors in genomes Search for candidate motifs and binding sites using standard comparative genomic techniques

41. Regulation of genes in functional subsystems Rhizobiales Bradyrhizobiaceae Rhodobacteriales The Zoo (likely ancestral state)

42. Reconstruction of history Appearance of the iron-Rhodo motif Frequent co-regulation with Irr Strict division of function with Irr

43. All logos and Some Very Tempting Hypotheses: 1.Cross-recognition of FUR and IscR motifs in the ancestor. 2.When FUR had become MUR, and IscR had been lost in Rhizobiales, emerging RirA (from the Rrf2 family, with a rather different general consensus) took over their sites. 3.Iron-Rhodo boxes are recognized by IscR: directly testable 1 2 3

44. Summary and open problems Regulatory systems are very flexible –easily lost –easily expanded (in particular, by duplication) –may change specificity –rapid turnover of regulatory sites With more stories like these, we can start thinking about a general theory –catalog of elementary events; how frequent? –mechanisms (duplication, birth e.g. from enzymes, horizontal transfer) –conserved (regulon cores) and non-conserved (marginal regulon members) genes in relation to metabolic and functional subsystems/roles –(TF family-specific) protein-DNA recognition code –distribution of TF families in genomes; distribution of regulon sizes; etc.

45. People Andrei A. Mironov – software, algorithms Alexandra Rakhmaninova – SDP, protein-DNA correlations Anna Gerasimova (now at U. Michigan) – NadR Olga Kalinina (on loan to EMBL) – SDP Yuri Korostelev – protein-DNA correlations Ekateina Kotelnikova (now at Ariadne Genomics) – evolution of sites Olga Laikova – LacI Dmitry Ravcheev– CRA/FruR Dmitry Rodionov (on loan to Burnham Institute) – iron etc. Alexei Vitreschak – T-boxes and riboswitches Andy Jonson (U. of East Anglia) – experimental validation (iron) Leonid Mirny (MIT) – protein-DNA, SDP Andrei Osterman (Burnham Institute) – experimental validation Howard Hughes Medical Institute Russian Foundation of Basic Research Russian Academy of Sciences, program “Molecular and Cellular Biology” INTAS