1. Shows the beginning and the end of the measurement.
Extension Line
Dimension lines:
Shows the beginning and the end of the measurement.
Terminated by arrowheads.
Thin line (dark) weight.
Should be broken to allow for the numbers to be inserted.
Must be a minimum of .375" or 10mm away from the object.
Must be a minimum of .250" or 6mm away from parallel dimension lines.
Dimension Line

2. Extend the edge of the object. Thin line (dark) weight.
Extension Line
Extension lines:
Extend the edge of the object.
Thin line (dark) weight.
There should be a visible gap (.0625" or 1mm) between the object and the start of the extension line.
Extension lines should extend about .125" or 2.5mm beyond the last dimension line.
Dimension Line

3. Are drawn from a note or dimension to place where the note applies.
Leader lines:
Are drawn from a note or dimension to place where the note applies.
Are drawn at an angle (usually 30°, 45°, or 60°).
Should have a short (.125" or 3mm) shoulder that if extended, would intersect the note at mid-height.
May end with an arrowhead or dot.
Leaders should not cross over or through other leaders or dimension lines.
Avoid making leaders parallel or perpendicular to visible edges. .

4. Arrowheads:
Can be solid filled or open.
Should be approximately .125" or 3mm long.
Should be approximately 2.5 to 3 times as long as wide.

5. DIMENSIONING INCLUDES MEASUREMENTS, NOTES AND SYMBOLS6

6. 1. Phantom 2. Section 3. Hidden 4. Cutting/viewing
5. Leader 6. Hidden 7. Center 8. Visible/object
9. Extension 10. Break 11. Visible/object
12. Section 13. Extension 14. Break 15. Dimension

7. Procedures for using decimal and metric measurement.
Decimal inches:
Decimals are the ANSI standard.
Decimals are easier to add, subtract, multiply and divide than fractions.
Preferably, decimals should be rounded to two decimal places. Omit zero before the decimal point for values of less than one.
Fractional inches:
Used where close tolerances are not important.
The horizontal fraction bar is preferred.
Metric:
Where linear measurement are less than 10,000 millimeters, the millimeter is the standard unit of measure.
The abbreviation for millimeters (mm) is usually omitted when all dimensions are in millimeters.
The period is used as a decimal point only in English speaking countries, others use a comma.

8. The number one rule of dimensioning is that of clarity.
Place dimensions where the shape is best shown.
Shortest dimensions placed closest to the object.
Group and align dimensions when possible.
Avoid duplicate and/or unnecessary dimensions.
Try to avoid placing dimensions inside a view.
Avoid crowding dimensions.
Avoid dimensioning to hidden features.
Place dimensions between the views to which they relate.
Lines should be thin and contrast noticeably with visible lines.
Dimensions should be included that describe both size and location of features.
The diameter of cylinders is dimensioned in the rectangular view. The diameter of machined holes is dimensioned in the circular view.

9. Cartesian Coordinate System

10. Polar Coordinates Polar coordinates used when you need to draw the next points at specify angle. Polar coordinates system in AutoCAD specifies distance length at which angle. Using polar coordinate, points entered by [Enter]
Polar Coordinate System

11. Absolute Coordinate System
Relative Coordinates After first points entered, your next points can be entered by specifying the next coordinate compare/relative from the first points. The relative coordinate started with symbol tell AutoCAD it was a relative coordinates. Using relative coordinate, points entered by [Enter]

12. Union (+ or ) – adds parts together
Boolean Commands.
Union (+ or ) – adds parts together
Subtract or Difference (  ) – removes parts or features
Intersection ( * or  ) – Intersects overlapping volumes into a single feature

13. Quickly & easily get an idea on paper
Purpose of a Sketch
Quickly & easily get an idea on paper
Design sketches
Freehand technical sketches
Technical illustrations
Most technical drawings start with a sketch

14. Freehand Technical Sketch

15. Design Sketch
Leonardo Divinci sketch

16. Technical Illustration

17. Sketching Lines Vertical lines Long straight lines Top to bottom
Series of short straight lines
Use edge of plain paper as an aid to the eye for keeping lines straight
Move your entire arm
Don’t draw from your wrist

18. Sketching Circles & Arcs
Begin by lightly constructing a square
Add center marks to square
Draw

19. Sketching Angles Begin with 90° angle Subdivide once Subdivide twice
45°
60°
30°
Subdivide once
Subdivide twice

20. Sketching
Types of Sketches
Single-view
Multi-view
Pictorials

21. Single-view Sketching
Technical purposes
Front view
Most descriptive features

22. Multi-view Sketching
Technical sketch
Front view
Top view
Side view

23. Pictorial Sketches Quickly communicate an idea
Three dimensions in one view
Width
Height
Depth

24. Pictorial Sketches
Three (3) types
Isometric
Oblique
Perspective

25. Isometric Sketch
HEIGHT
WIDTH
DEPTH

26. Isometric Sketching Three equally spaced axes of 120°
The prefix “iso” means equal.
Other positions are possible depending on what surfaces of the object are being emphasized
Ellipses must be oriented according to the plane in which they appear
Three equally spaced axes of 120°

27. Isometric Sketching
Receding lines
Typically 30° off horizontal

28. Isometric Sketching
Circular shapes appear as ellipses

29. Isometric Ellipses
Correct ellipse orientation

30. Isometric Sketching Non-Isometric lines Locate endpoints and connect
You can measure along “isometric lines”
You cannot measure along “non-isometric lines”
A standard angle measuring device such as a protractor cannot be used to measure angles in isometric
Angles are drawn by locating their end points

31. Oblique Sketch
HEIGHT
DEPTH
WIDTH

32. Front view is drawn true shape and size
Oblique Sketching
Front view is drawn true shape and size
Front view is normal to the viewer’s line of sight
Circles and curves appearing on the side and top planes will be distorted
Receding edges can be sketched at any angle except vertical or horizontal
Long side of an object, circles, and arcs should be shown in the frontal plane to lessen distortion

33. Oblique Sketching
Receding edges are usually drawn at an angle of 30°, 45°, or 60°

34. Oblique Sketching
Circles and curves drawn on frontal plane will appear true shape and size

35. Perspective Sketches
1-Point Perspective
2-Point Perspective

36. Perspective Sketches Objects appear as the eye would see them
Most realistic type of pictorial sketch
Most difficult pictorial sketch to draw

37. Drafting Equipment
Drawing board/table

38. Drafting Equipment Drawing Horizontal lines T-square Parallel edge
Drafting Machine
Arm/elbow type
Track type

39. Drafting Equipment - Triangles
Draw vertical lines and 45°
30° x 60° Triangle
Draw vertical lines and 30° and 60°
Adjustable Triangle
Draw 0° to 90°

40. Drafting Equipment - Leads6B 5B 4B 3B 2B B HB F H 2H 3H
SOFT
Very soft leads, smudge easily. Used for art work of various kinds and full-size details in architectural drawing.
MEDIUM
General purpose work. Softer grades (right) used for technical sketching, lettering, freehand work. Harder grades (left) used for line work on machine & architectural drawings. 9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H
HARD
Used where extreme accuracy is required. Softer grades (right) used for line work on engineering drawings. Draw very light lines.

41. Drafting Equipment - Scales
Engineer (Civil)
Mechanical drafter
Metric
Architecture

42. Drafting Media Types Vellum Polyester drafting films (mylar) Bond
Tracing paper treated to make it more transparent
Most commonly used drafting media
Polyester drafting films (mylar)
Very transparent, strong, and lasting
Strongest drafting media
Bond
Standard printing and copy paper

43. Drafting Media Sizes E – 44 X 34 48 X 36 D – 34 X 22 36 X 24
C – 22 X 17
18 X 24
B – 17 X 11
12 X 18
A – 11 X 8.5
9 X 12

44. Lettering
Practice of adding clear, concise words on a drawing to help people understand the drawing
Notes lettered on rough sketches are functional and important to operation
Simple freehand lettering completes the idea captured in a sketch

45. Lettering Composition
Letter and word spacing should be about uniform
Space between words should equal the approximate width of the letter “O”
Background area between letters should appear equal

46. Lettering
Practice of adding clear, concise words on a drawing to help people understand the drawing
Notes lettered on rough sketches are functional and important to operation
Simple freehand lettering completes the idea captured in a sketch

47. Lettering Composition
Letter and word spacing should be about uniform
Space between words should equal the approximate width of the letter “O”
Background area between letters should appear equal

48. Guidelines Horizontal guidelines keep letters the same height
Vertical guidelines aid the eye in keeping letters from slanting
Guidelines are drawn very light and very thin
Do not need to be erased
Uniform vertical space should be left between lines of letters

49. Types of Lettering ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
Recognizes the use of single-stroke Gothic letters
Letters are formed using a series of strokes
Typically all capital letters are used
Most common lettering on Engineering Drawings
Vertical, Uppercase, Gothic

50. 1 6 2 Lettering Standards Typically, most letters are .125” (3mm) tall
Fractions are typically twice as tall as numbers
Fraction bar is horizontal and does not touch the numbers 6 1 2

51. Drawing Lines Use parallel edge (or T-square) to draw horizontal lines
Lean pencil at about 60°
Use triangles to draw vertical and inclined lines

52. Drawing Lines at Standard Angles
90° VERTICAL
75°
75°
60°
60°
45°
45°
30°
30°
15°
15°
HORIZONTAL 0°

53. Scale Drawings
Measurements can be full size or in some exact proportion to full size
Triangular scales are typically used to allow for more scales per stick
Scales are noted on drawings as
Drawn units = actual units
Drawn units : actual units

54. Reading a Mechanical Scale1 16 1 8 1 4 2 3 16 1 2 1 16 1 2
FRACTIONAL INCH SCALE (FULL SIZE)

55. Reading a Mechanical Scale3 8 7 2 1 1 4 1 44 42 2 40 3
FRACTIONAL INCH SCALE (HALF SIZE)

56. Reading a Decimal Scale
1.50
1.12
.74 50
(.02) 2 4 6 8 1
DECIMAL INCH SCALE (FULL SIZE)

57. Reading a Decimal Scale
.50
1.70
3.20
5.90
HALF
SIZE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DECIMAL INCH SCALE (HALF SIZE)

58. Reading a Metric Scale 1:1 SCALE (1mm DIVISIONS) 6 66 24 42 mm 10 2010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1:1 SCALE (1mm DIVISIONS)

59. HALF SCALE (2mm DIVISIONS)
Reading a Metric Scale 2
110 62 28 mm
1:2 20 40 60 80
100
120
140
160
HALF SCALE (2mm DIVISIONS)

60. Alphabet of Lines Construction lines Visible lines Thin and light
.020” (0.5mm)
Hard lead (4H)
Visible lines
Thick and dark
.028” (0.7mm)
Softer lead (F or HB)

61. Alphabet of Lines Hidden lines Thin and dark .020” (0.5mm)
Softer lead (F or HB)
.125” (3mm) long dashes w/ .030” (1mm) spaces in between
.125"
.0625"

62. Alphabet of Lines Center Lines Thin and dark .020” (3mm)
Softer lead (F or HB)
.125” (0.5mm) dash in center w/ .030” (0.1mm) spaces between longer lines
.125"
.75" - 1.5"
.0625"

63. Alphabet of Lines Dimension, Extension, Leader Lines Thin and dark
.020” (0.5mm)
Softer lead (F or HB)
6.125”

64. Multiview Drawing
Another name for orthographic projection is multiview drawing
Involves visualization and implementation
Ability to see clearly in the mind’s eye an object
Process of drawing the object

65. Multiview Drawing
A system that allows you to make a two-dimensional drawing of a three-dimensional object

66. Viewing Objects
A box is formed by six mutually perpendicular planes of projection that are located around the object

67. Viewing Objects
Lines are formed on the planes by projecting the edges of the object onto the planes
These images are called “views”
There are six views formed by the planes of a box

68. Viewing Objects
Unfolding the box produces an arrangement of the six views

69. Choosing Views Most commonly used views
Front View
Top View
Right Side View
Most descriptive view is typically designated as the Front View

70. Choosing Views
Complex objects require three views to describe its shape
Simple objects can be described with two views
Ex: Soda Can
Thin objects can be described with only one view
Depth is given in a note
Ex: Erasing Shield

71. Object Dimensions All objects have 3 dimensions Height Width Depth
Distance from top to bottom
Width
Distance from side to side
Depth
Distance from the front to back

72. Object Dimensions Front View Top View Side View Shows width & height
Shows width & depth
Side View
Shows height & depth

73. Drawing Views of Objects
Depth can be projected between views by using a 45° miter line

74. Line Types - Visible
Edges that can be seen in a given view areVisible or Object lines
Visible lines are thick and dark
.028” or .7mm
F or HB lead

75. Line Types - Hidden
Edges that cannot be seen from a given view are indicated by Hidden lines

76. Line Types - Hidden Drawing hidden lines .125” (3mm) dashes
.0625” (1mm) spaces between dashes
Thin: .020” (.5mm)
Dark: F or HB lead

77. Line Types – Center
Center lines indicate axes of symmetry

78. Placement of Views
Views should be visually balanced within the working space

79. Steps for Centering a Drawing
Draw in views using light construction lines

80. Straight Edges
Edges that are perpendicular to a plane of projection appear as a point 1 2 3

81. Straight Edges
Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection appear as lines
Edges that are inclined to a plane of projection appear as foreshortened lines

82. Curved Edges
Curved edges project as straight lines on the plane to which they are perpendicular
Curved edges project as curved lines on the planes to which they are parallel or inclined

83. Inclined Surfaces
Inclined surfaces appear as an edge in two opposite principal views, and appear foreshortened (not true size) in all other principal views.

84. Oblique Surfaces
Oblique surfaces do not appear either as an edge or true size in any principal view.

85. Angles Acute Angle Obtuse Angle Right Angle Vertex
Measures less than 90°
Obtuse Angle
Measures more than 90°
Right Angle
Measures exactly 90°
Vertex
Point at which two lines of an angle intersect
Vertex

86. Circle Radius Diameter Circumference Chord
Distance from the center of a circle to its edge
Diameter
Distance across a circle through its center
Circumference
Distance around the edge of a circle
Chord
Line across a circle that does not pass at the circle’s center

87. Circle Has 360° Quadrant Concentric One fourth (quarter) of a circle
Measures 90°
Concentric
Two or more circles of different sizes that share the same center point
90°

88. Triangles Equilateral Isosceles Scalene
All three sides are of equal length and all three angles are equal
Isosceles
Two sides are of equal length
Scalene
Sides of three different lengths and angles with three different values

89. Triangles HYPOTENUSE Right Triangle Hypotenuse
One of the angles equals 90°
Hypotenuse
The side of a right triangle that is opposite the 90° angle
HYPOTENUSE

90. Quadrilaterals Square Rectangle Trapezoid
Four equal sides and all angles equal 90°
Rectangle
Two sides equal lengths and all angles equal 90°
Trapezoid
Only two sides are equal length

91. Quadrilaterals Rhombus Rhomboid
All sides are equal length and opposite angles are equal
Rhomboid
Opposite sides are equal length and opposite angles are equal

92. Regular Polygons Pentagon Hexagon Octagon Five sided polygon
Six sided polygon
Octagon
Eight sided polygon

93. Regular Polygons Distance across flats Distance across corners
Measurement across the parallel sides of a polygon
Distance across corners
Measurement across adjacent corners of a polygon

94. Solids
Prism
Right Rectangular
Right Triangular

95. Solids
Pyramid
Torus

96. Geometric Terms Circumscribe Inscribe
Process of creating a polygon that fully encloses a circle and is tangent to all of the polygons sides
Inscribe
Process of creating a polygon that is fully enclosed by a circle at its corners

97. Geometric Terms Bisect Tangent Divide into two equal parts
A line and arc, or two arcs that touch each other at one point only

98. Geometric Symbols Angle Triangle Radius Diameter Parallel
Perpendicular
Square
Centerline R C L

99. Terms & Definitions Parliamentary Procedure Item of Business
A set of rules for conduct at meetings which keeps assemblies orderly and guarantees that all people have equal opportunity to express themselves
Item of Business
A single matter to be discussed or acted on by an organization

100. Terms & Definitions Minutes
The official written record of what was said and done in a meeting

101. Terms & Definitions Standing Majority vote Two-thirds vote
A regular committee which usually serves for a one year period to plan/carry out activities that fall w/in a certain subject matter
Majority vote
More than half the votes cast
Two-thirds vote
Two-thirds or more of the legal votes cast

102. Terms & Definitions Second
An indication by a member that he or she wants to consider the motion just proposed by another member

103. Terms & Definitions Minority Majority Quorum Less than half
More than half
Quorum
The number of members needed to be present to legally transact business

104. Motions & their Purposes
Main motion
To present an item of business for consideration and action by the assembly
Amend
To change a main motion in some way; add to, take away from, or substitute words for
Postpone
To defer action of a motion until a later time

105. Steps for Processing a Main Motion
Obtain the floor
Be recognized by the Chair by standing and saying Mr. Chairman
Chair assigns the floor
The Chair recognizes one of the members by pointing or nodding
Member makes the motion
States “I move that …”
Another member seconds the motion

106. Steps for Processing a Main Motion
Chair restates the motion to the assembly
Motions is discussed/debated by the assembly
Vote is taken on the motion
Vote is announced and appropriate action is taken

107. Order of Business Opening Roll Call Reading of Secretary’s minutes
Call to order, emblem ceremony, pledge to flag)
Roll Call
Reading of Secretary’s minutes
Treasurer’s report
Committee reports
Standing
Ad Hoc

108. Order of Business Unfinished business New business Program Adjournment
Speaker, film, etc
Adjournment
Refreshments

109. Raps of the Gavel & their Purposes
One rap
Everyone should be seated
Two raps
The meeting is called to order
Three raps
Everyone should stand up