1. Community-Based Corrections Generally CBC Generally Offender Selection The State of Modern CBC

2. What Is CBC?

3. Intermediate Sanctions and CBC Recall:

4. What are Intermediate Sanctions? What are IS?

5. CBC Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. Community Protection Offender Selection Criteria Restrictions (IS) and Level of Control Rules and Rules Enforcement

7. Rules and rules enforcement tend to deter criminal activity and identify, before crime, persons at risk for criminality.

8. Fairness and Justice

9. Fairness and Justice AKA: Proportionality Punishment should fit the crime Aggravating and mitigation circumstances Apply the right amount of just deserts

10. Should an offender who works and obeys the law, but continues to have problems with drugs, be sent to prison?

11. Rehabilitation and Reintegration Rebuilding community ties – Family, Job, Friends, Education Why are these things important?

12. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation is based on the premise that crime and delinquency are:

13. “Healthy” Community Organization Examples

14. Why are “healthy” community offerings important?

16. What happens when offenders are barred from normal social roles?

17. Labeling Theory

18. Practical Implications Programs that avoid stigmatizing offenders and enable them to maintain ties to the larger community could be expected to encourage responsible, law-abiding behavior.

19. Reintegration Reintegration, to be effective, must be:

20. Restorative and Community Justice

21. Cost Effectiveness Prison: About $18,000 - $25,000 per year Probation: About $1,400 per year Effective TX: About $12,000 - $14,000 year

22. Cost Effectiveness cont’d 28,000 VA inmates X $22,000 = $616,000,000 per year 40,000 P&P Cases X $1,400 = $ 56,000,000 per year 7,000 Selected Inmate Cases X $14,000 = $ 98,000,000 per year Savings: $155,554.000 - $98,000,000 = $57,554,000 per year PLUS Less Crime

23. Cost Effectiveness cont’d  TX pays for itself.  Fact:

24. Offender Selection

25. Offender Selection Tools Presentence Report Risk and Needs Assessments Sentencing Guidelines

27. Who Uses Sentencing Guidelines?

28. Sentencing Guideline Purpose

29. History of SG in Virginia  Historical widespread inequities  Voluntary sentencing guidelines  75% compliance rate by judges

30. Truth In Sentencing – 1980-1992 Number f federal prisoners increased 46% to 75% – Result: 60% increase in corrections spending

31. Important Concepts Collective Incapacitation: Selective Incapacitation:

32. Important Concepts Determinate Sentencing: Indeterminate Sentencing -

33. Important Concepts

34. The State of Modern Community Corrections

35. Get Tough On Crime Result of War On Drugs – National crackdown on drug use – Massive increases in law enforcement and prosecutions

36. Get Tough On Crime Effect – Increase in drug users in prison – Limited prison space for violent and property offenders – Huge increases in correctional spending – DOC became largest agency in many states

37. Get Tough on Crime

38. Some Bright Spots  Greater focus on violent offenders  Law authorized federal mandatory minimum for minor drug offenders  Federal money to states for prisons tied to – Evidence of balanced approach Rehabilitation, TX, Education Diversion, Drug Courts, Post Release Assistance

39. Less Bright Spots  Limited federal court authority to remedy prison overcrowding  Permitted double bunking of maximum security inmates  Most states maximized incarceration – Proliferation of sentencing enhancements for all  Parole abolition

40. Sentencing Enhancements Three strikes and you’re out For All Truth in sentencing (Serve 85% of time) For All Sentencing Guideline enhancements

41. Prison Admissions Implication?

42. Collective Incapacitation Criticisms If collective incapacitation were effective, crime reduction would have been greater. – Serious offenders were already incarcerated – Longer sentences incapacitate offenders after criminal career ended or greatly diminished – Drug offenders leave prison with broader criminal expertise – Middle class assumption prison is equal deterrent to all groups

43. Reality of Incapacitation Policy

44. Cost and Consequences of Incarceration Policy Cost – Economic, Social, Educational, Health and Public Safety Consequences If Trend Continues – Raise taxes or reduce Funding in almost all other areas

45. International Perspective  US places disproportionate emphasis on physical punishment in CCJ policy.  US reliance on collective incapacitation is not based on demonstrated success.

46. What Are The Alternatives?  Reintroduce Indeterminacy In Sentencing  Focus On Alternatives To Incarceration  Remove Lesser Offenders From Prison Especially Drug Offenders

47. Solution: Back To CBC CBC can provide protection Rehabilitation and enforcing restrictions costs $ Most offenders respond to the right program match CBC is the best cost effective alternative

48. Conclusion Public safety concerns dominate correctional planning. Resolution of offender problems and needs may be the best long-term solution to public safety problems and crime prevention.