1. Principles of Information Systems Eighth Edition
Chapter 3
Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices

2. Principles and Learning Objectives
Assembling an effective, efficient set of computer hardware devices requires understanding their role in supporting the underlying information systems and the needs of the organization; the computer hardware objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information systems and the needs of the organization
Describe how to select and organize computer hardware components to support information system (IS) objectives and business needs
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

3. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
When selecting computer hardware, you must consider the current and future needs of the information systems and the organization; your choice of a hardware device should always allow for later improvements to meet evolving organizational needs
Describe the power, speed, and capacity of central processing and memory devices
Describe the access methods, capacity, and portability of secondary storage devices
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

4. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of input and output devices
Identify popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

5. Why Learn About Hardware?
Can improve productivity, increase revenue, reduce costs, and provide better service
Managers are expected to know about hardware
To help define business needs
To ask questions and evaluate options when buying equipment
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

6. Introduction
Hardware: any machinery (most of which use digital circuits) that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system
When making hardware decisions, businesses must consider how the hardware can support:
Objectives of the information system
Goals of the organization
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

7. Computer Systems: Integrating The Power of Technology
Choosing the right computer hardware requires understanding its relationship to the information system and needs of the organization
Hardware objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the current and future needs of the organization
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

8. Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU) Input devices
Output devices
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

9. Hardware Components (continued)
Communications devices
Primary storage devices
Secondary storage devices
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

10. Hardware Components (continued)
Figure 3.1: Hardware Components
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

11. Hardware Components in Action
Step 1: Fetch instruction from memory
Step 2: Decode instruction
Step 3: Execute instruction
Step 4: Store results
Step Description
1.Fetch Instruction from Memory
2.Decode Instruction
3.Perform ALU Operations
4.Memory Access (for load/store)
5.Store ALU result to register file
6.Update PC
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

12. Hardware Components in Action (continued)
Figure 3.2: Execution of an Instruction
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

13. Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity
System unit
Houses the components responsible for processing (the CPU and memory)
All other computer system devices are linked either directly or indirectly into the system unit housing
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

14. Processing Characteristics and Functions
Machine cycle time is measured in:
Nanoseconds (1 billionth of a second)
Picoseconds (1 trillionth of a second)
MIPS (millions of instructions per second)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

15. Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued)
Clock speed: series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time
Often measured in:
Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second
Microcode: predefined, elementary circuits and logical operations that the processor performs when it executes an instruction
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

16. Physical Characteristics of the CPU
Digital circuits on chips
Electrical current flows through silicon
Moore’s Law: transistor density of chips will double every 18 months
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

17. Physical Characteristics of the CPU (continued)
Figure 3.3: Moore’s Law
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

18. Memory Characteristics and Functions
Main memory
Located physically close to the CPU, but not on the CPU chip itself
Rapidly provides data and instructions to the CPU
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

19. Table 3.1: Computer Storage Units
Storage Capacity
Table 3.1: Computer Storage Units
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

20. Types of Memory Random access memory (RAM) Types of RAM
Temporary and volatile
Types of RAM
EDO (Extended Data Out)
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

21. Types of Memory (continued)
Types of nonvolatile memory
ROM (read-only memory)
PROM (programmable read-only memory)
EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory)
Cache memory: high-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

22. Types of Memory (continued)
Figure 3.4: Basic Types of Memory Chips
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

23. Types of Memory (continued)
Figure 3.5: Cache Memory
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

24. Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time
Multiprocessing using coprocessors
Coprocessor: speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

25. Parallel Computing
Parallel computing: simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster
Massively parallel processing:
Speeds processing by linking hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel
Each processor has its own bus, memory, disks, copy of the operating system, and applications
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

26. Parallel Computing (continued)
Different approaches to achieving parallel computing
Single instruction/multiple data (SIMD) parallel processors
Multiple instruction/multiple data (MIMD) parallel processors
Grid computing: use of a collection of computers, often owned by multiple individuals or organizations, to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

27. Secondary Storage
Compared with memory, offers the advantages of non volatility, greater capacity, and greater economy
Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

28. Access Methods Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order
Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASDs)
Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order
Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

29. Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID Virtual tape Optical disks
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

30. Devices (continued) Digital video disk (DVD)
Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD)
Memory cards
Flash memory
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

31. Enterprise Storage Options
Attached storage
Network-attached storage (NAS)
Storage area network (SAN)
تشارك موارد التخزين كانها على اقراص صلبة اما الاخرى مجرد ارتباطها
ب ipتعرض خدمة تخزين عبر الشبكه
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

32. Enterprise Storage Options (continued)
Figure 3.9: Storage Area Network
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

33. Input and Output Devices: The Gateway to Computer Systems
Through input and output devices, people provide data and instructions to the computer and receive results from it
Selection of input and output devices depends on organizational goals and IS objectives
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

34. Characteristics and Functionality
Data can be human-readable or machine-readable
Data entry: converts human-readable data into machine-readable form
Data input: transfers machine-readable data into system
Source data automation: capturing and editing data where the data is initially created and in a form that can be directly input to a computer
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

35. Input Devices Personal computer input devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Speech-recognition technology
Digital cameras
Terminals
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

36. Input Devices (continued)
Scanning devices
Optical data readers
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
Magnetic stripe card
Point-of-sale (POS) devices
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

37. Input Devices (continued)
Automated teller machine (ATM) devices
Pen input devices
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar-code scanners
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

38. Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
Printers and plotters
Digital audio player
 الصمامات الثنائية العضوية الباعثة للضوء OLED في شاشات التلفزيون وشاشات الكمبيوتر، والصغيرة، وشاشات نظام المحمولة مثل الهواتف النقالة وأجهزة المساعد الرقمي الشخصي، والساعات، والإعلانات، والمعلومات، وإشارة. كما تستخدم وعلى مجال واسع للإنارة العامة.
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

39. Special-Purpose Input and Output Devices
Computer-based navigation systems
Multiple function printers
Eyebud screens
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

40. Computer System Types, Selection, and Upgrading
Special-purpose computers: used for limited applications by military and scientific research groups
General-purpose computers: used for a wide variety of applications
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

41. Computer System Types Handheld computers Portable computers
Thin client
Desktop computers
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

42. Computer System Types (continued)
Workstations
Servers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

43. Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems
Dispose of old equipment properly
Consider factors such as speed, cost, and performance when upgrading
Hard drive
Main memory
Printer
DVD burners
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

44. Summary
Hardware: machinery that assists in the input, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system
Hardware components: central processing unit (CPU), input and output devices, communications devices, primary storage devices, and secondary storage devices
Random access memory (RAM): temporary and volatile
ROM (read-only memory): nonvolatile
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

45. Summary (continued)
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time
Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order
Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order
Examples of secondary storage devices: magnetic tapes and disks, DVDs, memory cards, etc.
Enterprise storage options: attached storage, network-attached storage (NAS), and storage area network (SAN)
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition

46. Summary (continued)
Examples of input devices: keyboards, mice, voice-recognition devices, terminals, scanning devices, and touch-sensitive screens
Examples of output devices: display monitors, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), printers, and plotters
Computers can be classified as either special-purpose or general-purpose
Computer system types: handheld computers, portable computers, desktop computers, workstations, servers, etc.
Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition