2. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition2 Principles and Learning Objectives Users must work closely with IS professionals to define business needs, evaluate options, and select the hardware and software that provide a cost-effective solution to those needs. –Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components of a computer system. –List and describe popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each.

3. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition3 When selecting an operating system, you must consider the current and future requirements for application software to meet the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice of a particular operating system must be consistent with your choice of hardware. –Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software. –Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)

4. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition4 Principles and Learning Objectives (continued) Do not develop proprietary application software unless doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage. –Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives. –Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each.

5. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition5 Principles and Learning Objectives (continued) Choose a programming language whose functional characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, taking into consideration the skills and experience of the programming staff. –Outline the overall evolution of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the five generations of programming languages.

6. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition6 Principles and Learning Objectives (continued) The software industry continues to undergo constant change; users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective in their business and personal life. –Identify several key issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals.

7. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition7 Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU) –Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) –Control unit Input devices Output devices

8. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition8 Hardware Components (continued) Communications devices Primary storage devices Secondary storage devices

9. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition9 Hardware Components (continued) Figure 2.1: Computer System Components

10. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition10 Processing and Memory Devices: Power, Speed, and Capacity System unit –Houses CPU and memory All other devices are linked to the system unit

11. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition11 Processing Characteristics and Functions Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase Clock speed: electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate Wordlength: number of bits that can be processed at one time

12. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition12 Processing Characteristics and Functions (continued) Physical characteristics of the CPU –Digital circuits on chips –Electrical current flows through silicon

13. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition13 Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity Table 2.1: Number of Bytes

14. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition14 Types of Memory Random access memory (RAM) –Temporary –Volatile ROM (read-only memory) –Usually nonvolatile

15. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition15 Multiprocessing Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions Parallel processing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel Grid computing: collection of computers working to solve a common problem

16. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition16 Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices Secondary storage –Also called permanent storage –Nonvolatile –Greater capacity and greater economy than memory

17. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition17 Secondary Storage Access Methods Sequential access: records must be retrieved in order –Sequential access storage devices (SASD) Direct access: records can be retrieved in any order –Direct access storage devices (DASDs)

18. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition18 Secondary Storage Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID) Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)

19. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition19 SAN Storage area network Provides high-speed connections between data- storage devices and computers

20. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition20 SAN (continued) Figure 2.4: Storage Area Network

21. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition21 Secondary Storage Devices (continued) CD-recordable (CD-R) discs CD-rewritable (CD-RW) discs Digital versatile disc (DVD) Memory cards Expandable storage

22. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition22 Input Devices Personal computer input devices –Keyboard –Mouse Voice-recognition devices Terminals

23. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition23 Input Devices (continued) Touch-sensitive screens Bar-code scanners Optical data readers Point-of-sale (POS) devices Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices

24. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition24 Input Devices (continued) Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices Radio-frequency identification

25. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition25 Output Devices Display monitors Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) Printers and plotters

26. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition26 Output Devices (continued) CRT monitors are large and bulky in comparison to LCD monitors (flat displays).

27. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition27 Computer System Types Handheld computers Portable computers Thin client Desktop computers

28. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition28 Computer System Types (continued) Workstations Servers Mainframe computers Supercomputers

29. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition29 Overview of Software Computer programs: sequences of instructions Documentation: describes program functions Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs Application software: helps users solve particular problems

30. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition30 Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization –Personal –Workgroup –Enterprise Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence

31. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition31 Systems Software: Operating Systems Operating system (OS): set of programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applications Common hardware functions –Get input (e.g., keyboard) –Retrieve data from disks and store data on disks –Display information on a monitor or printer

32. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition32 Operating Systems (continued) Figure 2.8: The role of the operating system and other systems software is as an interface or buffer between application software and hardware.

33. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition33 Operating Systems (continued) User interface –Allows individuals to access and command the computer system –Command-based user interface: uses text commands –Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system

34. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition34 Operating Systems (continued) Hardware independence –Application program interface (API): allows applications to make use of the operating system Memory management –Control how memory is accessed and maximize available memory and storage

35. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition35 Processing tasks –Multitasking: more than one program running at the same time –Time-sharing: more than one person using a computer system at the same time –Scalability: ability to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly Networking capability: features that aid users in connecting to a computer network Operating Systems (continued)

36. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition36 Operating Systems (continued) Access to system resources –Protection against unauthorized access –Logons and passwords File management –Ensures that files in secondary storage are Available when needed Protected from access by unauthorized users

37. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition37 Current Operating Systems Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of Influence

38. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition38 Workgroup Operating Systems Windows Server UNIX NetWare Red Hat Linux Mac OS X Server

39. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition39 Enterprise Operating Systems z/OS MPE/iX and HP-UX Linux

40. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition40 Operating Systems for Small Computers and Special-Purpose Devices Palm OS Windows Embedded Windows Mobile

41. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition41 Application Software Gives users the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasks Interacts with systems software; systems software then directs the hardware to perform the tasks

42. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition42 Types and Functions of Application Software Proprietary software: unique program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company Off-the-shelf software: purchased software Customized package

43. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition43 Personal Application Software Table 2.8: Examples of Personal Productivity Software

44. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition44 Personal Application Software (continued) Table 2.8: Examples of Personal Productivity Software (continued)

45. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition45 Workgroup Application Software Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively

46. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition46 Enterprise Application Software Software that benefits an entire organization Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

47. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition47 Programming Languages Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular types of applications

48. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition48 Software Issues and Trends Software bugs –Program defects that keep it from performing correctly Copyrights and licenses Global software support

49. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition49 Summary Hardware: central processing unit (CPU), input and output devices, communications devices, primary storage devices, and secondary storage devices Random access memory (RAM): temporary and volatile ROM (read-only memory): usually nonvolatile Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions

50. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition50 Summary (continued) Sequential access: records retrieved in order Direct access: records retrieved in any order Computer programs: sequences of instructions Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs Application software: helps users solve problems

51. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Third Edition51 Summary (continued) Operating system (OS): programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applications Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system Programming languages: allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer