1. GRAP 3175 Computer Applications for Drafting Unit II Computer Hardware

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

3. Integrated Circuit (IC) Microchip or Chip One complete electronic (semiconductor) circuit on a piece of silicon.

4. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit Main Memory Unit

6. Microprocessor CPU of a microcomputer 1.5 GHz Pentium 4 733 Mhz PowerPC G4 Motherboard

9. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic functions –addition, subtraction, multiplication & division –Logarithms, trigonometry, etc. Logic function –Numbers or conditions are compared –Greater than, less than, equal to, etc.

10. Control Unit The “traffic cop” of the system System clock

11. Main Memory Unit Internal memory of a computer Writing - entering data into main memory Reading - retrieving data

12. Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-write Volatile DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM

13. Read-only Memory (ROM) Read Only Info. to start computer Nonvolatile PROM EPROM Flash memory

15. RAM & ROM at Work

17. RAM On motherboard –RAM chips (64KB, 256KB, etc.) –SIMMS, DIMMS, RIMMS (256KB - 512MB) RAM card

21. CACHE Memory 512 KB 1 MB

22. Communication Pathways Bus Data Bus Bus Architecture Open Architecture Types of buses –ISA, PCI, SCSI, USB, etc

23. CPU at Work Executing an Instruction Instruction Cycle –Fetch –Decode Execution Cycle –Execute instruction –Place results in memory

25. Data Representation Overview Binary System -- 1s and 0s –High-voltage state (on) –Low-voltage state (off) Number 0 -- 011 0000 Number 1 -- 011 0001 Letter D -- 100 0100

27. Bits & Bytes Bit Byte -- basic unit of measure for memory –nibble Kilobyte (KB) -- 1024 bytes –2 10 vs 10 3 Megabyte (MB) -- 1,048,576 Gigabyte (GB) -- 1,073,741,824 Terabytes (TB) -- 1,099,511,628,000

29. Computer Words The number of adjacent bits that can be stored & manipulated as a unit. 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 bit Size of register Data Bus 64 / 32

30. Encoding Systems Alphanumeric characters –Alpha –Numeric ASCII -- 7 bit –American Standard Code for Information Exchange ANSI -- 8 bit –American National Standards Institute Unicode -- 16 bit

31. Processing Speed MHz, MIPS, & FLOPS Nanoseconds - billionths of a second Factors –Clock speed –Memory type –Instruction set –Data bus width –Microprocessor –Other support chips / expansion cards

32. Clock Speed Megahertz (MHz) -- 1 million cycles per second Apple IIe -- 2 MHz Pentium III -- 733 MHz -1.0 MHz, Pentium 4 -- 1.0 - 1.5 GHz

33. Microprocessor –4004 -- contained 2,300 transistors –6502 -- Apple IIe –8088 -- IBM PC –80286 -- 130,000 -- IBM AT –80386 -- 275,000 –80486 -- 1.2 million –Pentium - 3.1 million

36. Other Chips / Expansion Cards Math-coprocessor Video card