1. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03   MICE International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment 1.Why MICE? 2. Measurement 3. Prototyping 4. MICE at RAL 5. schedule

2. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Why MICE? Based on Muon collider ideas and development (Palmer et al, 92->), the Neutrino Factory concept (Geer, 1998) resonated in 1998 with the final demonstration of Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations by the SuperK Collaboration. International workshops: NUFACT 99 (Lyon, France) NUFACT 00 (Montery, California) NUFACT 01 (Tsukuba, Japan) NUFACT 02 (London, UK) NUFACT 03 (Columbia,NY,USA) NUFACT 04 (Osaka, Japan) NUFACT 05 (italy?)  Neutrino Factory is the ultimate tool for study of Neutrino Oscillations -- unique source of high energy e --reach/sensitivity better by order(s) of magnitude wrt other techniques (e.g. super-beams) for    ** matter effects ** *** leptonic CP violation *** **** e   and   **** NB : leptonic CP violation is a key ingredient in the leading explanations for the mystery of the baryon-antibaryon asymmetry in our universe    e + e   _

3. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Where will this get us… comparison of reach in the oscillations  right to left: present limit from the CHOOZ experiment, expected sensitivity from the MINOS experiment, CNGS (OPERA+ICARUS) 0.75 MW JHF to super Kamiokande with an off-axis narrow-band beam, Superbeam: 4 MW CERN-SPL to a 400 kt water Cerenkov@ Fréjus (J-PARC phase II similar) Neutrino Factory with 40 kton large magnetic detector. 0.1 0 1010 2.5 0 5050 13 0 Mezzetto X 5

4. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 NUFACT Superbeam only Beta-beam only Betabeam + superbeam Upgrade 400kton-> 1 Mton J-PARC HK 540 kton? 3 sigma sensitivity of various options

5. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Neutrino Factory studies and R&D USA, Europe, Japan have each their scheme. Only one has been costed, US study II: Neutrino Factory CAN be done…..but it is too expensive as is. Aim: ascertain challenges can be met + cut cost in half. + detector: MINOS * 10 = about 300 M€ or M$

6. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Particle physicist: Q: Can a Neutrino Factory be built? Accelerator physisicst: A: YES! (US study II, CERN) but… it is expensive, and many ingredients have never been demonstrated!  R&D is needed. (est. 5yrs) to 1.reduce cost and 2.ascertain performance among critical items: *** COOLING *** Cooling component development programme: MUCOOL collabration (US-Japan-UK)

7. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 IONIZATION COOLING Difficulty: affordable prototype of cooling section only cools beam by 10%, while standard emittance measurements barely achieve this precision. Solution: measure the beam particle-by-particle A delicate technology and integration problem Need to build a realistic prototype and verify that it works (i.e. cools a beam) Difficulties lay in particular in  operating RF cavities in Mag. Field,  interface with SC magnets and LH2 absorbers What performance can one get? principle: this will surely work..! reality (simplified) ….maybe… state-of-the-art particle physics instrumentation will test state-of-the-art accelerator technology.  RF Noise!!

8. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 MUTAC ( 14-15 jan 2003)(US) The committee remains convinced that this experiment, which is absolutely required to validate the concept of ionization cooling, and the R&D leading to it should be the highest priority of the muon collaboration. Planning and design for the experiment have advanced dramatically(…) EMCOG: (6 feb 2003) (Europe) (…)EMCOG was impressed by the quality of the experiment, which has been well studied, is well organized and well structured. The issue of ionization cooling is critical and this justifies the important effort that the experiment represents. EMCOG recommends very strongly a timely realization of MICE. MUTAC: Muon Technical Advisory Committee (Helen Edwards, et al) (US) EMCOG: European Muon Coordination and Oversight Group (C. Wyss et al) ECFA recommendations (September 2001:)

9. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 MICE is part of a international concerted effort of R&D towards a Neutrino Factory. It is one of the four priorities set up by EMCOG European Muon Coordination and Oversight Group -- High intensity proton driver -- High power target -- high rep rate collection system (horns, solenoid) -- Ionization coolng demonstration These will correspond to the workpackages of the ECFA/ESGARD superbeam/neutrino factory feasibility study *  (package for detector R&D will be added!) The contribution of experimenters in MICE is justified and necessary given the difficulty of the measurement. In addition it fulfills the ECFA recommendation to increase education in accelerator physics, and builds a community of people who would be able to understand and operate the real system

10. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 APEC design study (sub 2005) SPL Superbeam Neutrino factory The ultimate tool for neutrino oscillations Beta beam Very large underground lab Water Cerenkov, Liq.Arg EURISOL SPL physics workshop: 25-26 May 2004 at CERN  CERN SPSC Cogne meeting sept. 2004 Superbeam/neutrino Factory design study (sub 2004) EURISOL design study (sub 2004) HIPPI

11. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 An International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE) The aims of the international Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment are: To show that it is possible to design, engineer and build a section of cooling channel capable of giving the desired performance for a Neutrino Factory; To place it in a muon beam and measure its performance in a variety of modes of operation and beam conditions. The MICE collaboration has designed an experiment where a section of an ionisation cooling channel is exposed to a muon beam and reduces its transverse emittance by 10% for muon momenta between 140 and 240 MeV/c. The experiment has been called for, recommended and APPROVED…. … conditional to proper funding and support. Summary The beam never lies Under these same assumptions, ionization cooling of muons will be demonstrated by 2008

12. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03  Incoming muon beam Diffusers 1&2 Beam PID TOF 0 Cherenkov TOF 1 Trackers 1 & 2 measurement of emittance in and out Liquid Hydrogen absorbers 1,2,3 Downstream particle ID: TOF 2 Cherenkov Calorimeter RF cavities 1RF cavities 2 Spectrometer solenoid 1 Matching coils 1&2 Focus coils 1 Spectrometer solenoid 2 Coupling Coils 1&2 Focus coils 2Focus coils 3 Matching coils 1&2 10% cooling of 200 MeV/c muons requires ~ 20 MV of RF single particle measurements => measurement precision can be as good as  out /  in ) = 10 -3 never done before either….

13. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Responsibilities as stated in proposal (Hardware) Belgium Downstream Cherenkov Netherlands Magnetic probes and measurement INFN Spectrometer solenoid, TOF detectors, Calorimeter, Tracker, DAQ France Magnetic measurements Switzerland Beam Solenoid (PSI), Tracker possibly spectrometer solenoid contribution CERN Refurbished RF power sources (refurbished Cryogenics?) UK Beam, Home and Infrastructure! Focus coils, Absorber, Tracker Russia under discussions Japan Absorbers tracker and possibly spectrometer solenoid contribution USA RF cavities, coupling coil Absorbers tracker up-and downstream Cherenkov

14. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Quantities to be measured in a cooling experiment equilibrium emittance = 2.5 mm.radian cooling effect at nominal input emittance ~10% curves for 23 MV, 3 full absorbers, particles on crest Acceptance: beam of 5cm and 120 mrad rms

15. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Emittance measurement Each spectrometer measures 6 parameters per particle x y t x’ = dx/dz = P x /P z y’ = dy/dz = P y /P z t’ = dt/dz =E/P z Determines, for an ensemble (sample) of N particles, the moments: Averages etc… Second moments: variance(x)  x 2 = 2 > etc… covariance(x)  xy = > Covariance matrix M = M = Evaluate emittance with: Compare  in with  out Getting at e.g.  x’t’ is essentially impossible is essentially impossible with multiparticle bunch with multiparticle bunch measurements measurements

16. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 G4MICE simulation of Muon traversing MICE

17. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 requirements on spectrometer system: 1.must be sure particles considered are muons throughout 1.a reject incoming e, p,  => TOF 2 stations 10 m flight with 70 ps resolution 1.b reject outgoing e => Cerenkov + Calorimeter 2. measure 6 particle parameters i.e. x,y,t, p x /p z, p y /p z, E/p z 3. measure widths and correlations … resolution in all parameters must be better than 10% of width at equilibrium emittance (correction less than 1%)   meas =   true +   res =   true [ 1+ (  res /  true )2 ] (n.b. these are r.m.s.!) 4. robust against noise from RF cavities => Statistical precision 10 5 muons   out /  in ) = 10 -3 in ~ 1 hour Systematics!!!!

18. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 B tracking in a solenoid: Baseline tracker 5 planes of scintillating fiber tracker with 3 double layers. passive detector + fast  good for RF noise Very small fibers needed to reduce MS Little light  VLPC readout (D0 experience)

19. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 P z resolution degrades at low p t : RESULTS TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM RESOLUTION OK resolution in E/P z is much better behaved measurement rms is 4% of beam rms

20. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Tracker R&D Sci-fi: a prototype of 3 out of 5 stations (3 double planes each) Was bulit and tested at D0 test stand Analysis in progress. The prototype Fiber feed-throughs A ‘typical’ cosmic ray track

21. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 250 microns pads connected in 3 sets of strips MICE tracker back-up option: TPC with GEM readout. 1 st Prototype being built difficulties: Long time constant RF photons on the GEMs? RF noise?

22. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 RF test setup – TPG in LinacIII at CERN GEM DETECTOR H.V. power supply L.V. power supply detector to RF tanks ~30cm Detector back to RF power supply ~1m

23. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Zoomed signal 55Fe pulse height: ~300mV Noise: ~40mV! signal Fe55 Noise with RF: no sign of effect on GEMS

24. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 measured dark currents real background reduced by factor L/X0(H2). L/X0(det) 0.07 0.0026 Backgrounds Dark current backgrounds measured on a 805 MHz cavity in magnetic field! with a 1mm scintillating fiber at d=O(1m) Extrapolation to MICE (201 MHz): scale rates as (area.energy) X 100 and apply above reduction factor 2 10 -4 4 10 4 Hz/cm 2 @ 8 MV/m @805 MHz  0.8 kHz/cm 2 per sci-fi  500 kHz/plane (gate is 20ns) ! within  one order of magnitude !

25. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 RF cavity (800 MHz) at Fermilab being pushed to its limits (35 MV/m) to study dark current emission in magnetic field. Sees clear enhancement due to B field. Various diagnostics methods photographic paper, scintillating fibers Microscope ------  BCT and solid state counters have demonstrated this and allowed precise measurements Real cavities will be equipped with Be windows Which do not show sign of being pitted contrary to Cu

26. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Absorber/Coil Assembly Absorber is interchangeable, can be repaired or changed to solid absorber.

27. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Photogrammetry ~1000 points Strain gages ~ 20 “points” Shape measurement at FNALPressure tests at NIU LH2 Window R & D (IIT, NIU, ICAR) Various shapes have been studied to --reduce thickness -- increase strength  -- Breaking point was measured!

28. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Absorber II Absorber body will be built at KEK 2 prototypes have been built Third one according to Safety-compliant design safety review 9-10 dec. 2003

29. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 RF module MICE is foresen with 8 RF cavities Closed with Be windows (increase gradient / MW RF power) 201 MHz First cavity prototyped Completion in 2004 RF power sources : Will be assembled from equipement refurbished from Berkeley, Los Alamos, CERN, RAL. Needed 8 MW peak power  23 MV acceleration Operation at LN2 foreseen to increase Volts / MW

30. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Similarly to LiH2 absorber windows, the RF windows will be bell shaped to minimize thickness (800 MHz prototype -  First cavity shells  have been produced

31. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 INSTALLATION OF MICE at RAL

32. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Beam line will include a 5m long 5T solenoid from PSI (CH)

33. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Hall has been emptied and preparations to host the experiment begun H 2 Storage unit Ventilation duct Radiation shielding wall H 2 Buffer Tank (1m 3 approx) H2 absorber Vacuum jacket Large amount of LiH2 from absorbers requires efficient storage Suggested solution: metallic hydride

34. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03  - STEP I: spring 2006 STEP II: summer 2006 STEP III: winter 2007 STEP IV: spring 2007 STEP V: fall 2007 STEP VI: 2008

35. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 November 2001: Letter of Intent (LOI) submitted to PSI and RAL January 2002 Positive statements from PSI: cannot host experiment, will collaborate (beam solenoid) March 2002: LOI reviewed at RAL June 2002: Review panel encouraged submission of a proposal. January 2003: Proposal submitted to RAL February 2003: EMCOG recommends timely realization of MICE May 2003: International Peer review Panel strongly recommends October 2003: Director(CE) of RAL approves experiment conditional to ‘gateways’… UK funding in the range of >~10 M£ December 9-10 Safety review to clear hydrogen safety design principle … All seems very well! -- MICE found a home -- Host lab ans UK community enthusiastic Next important steps: Funding has to be secured from the international partners: -- Japan ~OK -- US request to NSF -> decision early 2004 -- request have or will be posted to CH, B, NL, Italy, CEA New collaborators (esp. Accelerator physicists) welcome! NEUTRINO COMMUNITY SHOULD SUPPORT THIS LONG TERM EFFORT!

36. NO-VE MICE Alain Blondel, 4/12/03 Time Line It will be timely (…and not too soon!) to have by then a design for a neutrino factory *), knowing the practical feasibility of ionization cooling If all goes well and funding is adequate, Muon Ionization cooling will have been demonstrated and measured precisely by 2008 LHC/J-PARC start-up At that time: MINOS and CNGS will have started and mesured  m 13 2 more precisely J-Parc-SK will be about to start (   measurement) LHC will be about to give results as well *) plans: proposal of a Neutrino factory feasibility study to EU (2004-2007) US Study III (2005 onwards)