1. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 24.03.20091 Theories of Architecture(EAPS4202) Lecturer 6 19 th Century Architecture (Part 3) General View on the Development of Architecture Schools Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf University of Palestine Faculty of Applied Engineering & Urban Planning Dept. of Architecture, Interior Design & Planning

2. Theories of Architecture emerging both in the 19 th century & at the start of the 20 th century New Classicism ١- الكلاسیكیة الجدیدة Romanticism ٢- الفن الرومانسي Realism ٣- الفنیة الواقعیة Impressionism ٤- الانطباعیة Post Impressionism ٥- ما بعد الانطباعیة Modern Art ٦- الفن الحدیث 1Fauvism أ) الوحشیة 2Expressionism ب) الفن التعبیري ألتأثيري 3Cubism ج)الحركة التكعیبیة 4Abstract Art د) الفن التجریدي 5Dadism ھ) الدادیة 6Cerialism و) السریالیة Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 2

3. Neo Classical Architecture Romantic Classicism Explanatory Ideological & Symbolic Structural Classicism Structural elements are the key & Empirical Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 3

4. Low level of development at the 19 th late century Reasons behind this: 1. The focus was only on the structural system & its development; 2. Architectural attitude was not able to fulfill the needs of various social classes; 3. There were at the time less distinguished Architecture school of thought; 4. The rapid development in technologies that was carefully used by the structural Engineers while architects at the time were oriented toward abstract work, not actually fitting in with the time demand; and 5. Socio-economic factors and instability Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 4

5. School of Architecture of Key Importance 1 STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM 2 ART NOUVEAU 3 CUBISM 4 MONUMANTALISM and/or EXPRESSIONISM 5 ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURE Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 5

6. 1 STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM The style represents a complete rejection of previous traditions while adopting new forms of ornament that are considered as an expression of their own time. Notably, the style is largely influenced by the French theorist Eugene Viollet- Le- Duc Who:  Proposed a new rational approach to architecture based on re-using Gothic principles of constructing ribbed vaults by only using iron material.  Iron should be accordingly used in an honest manner and left exposed rather than hiding it by the use of fake materials (as Chicago School did). Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 6

7. 1 STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM Viollet –Le – Duc Theory ( Cont. ) - In architecture, there are two ways to be true: A) according to the program (fulfill exactly and simply the conditions imposed by basic needs- function); and B) according to the method of construction adopted (imply the materials in relation to both quality and properties). - Artistic questions of symmetry and apparent form are of secondary importance in the presence of the dominant principles. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 7

8. 2 ART NOUVEAU (Antoni Gaudi) Style adopted:  An attempt to go beyond traditional styles  The use of ornament in an exaggerative manner with new techniques  The style spread rapidly and vanished shortly after the first WW due to the over use of ornament  Structurally related to the great Catalan cathedrals ( Gothic style) and largely influenced by the theories of Viollet Le Duc  Used the traditional Catalan vault (is a type of low arch made of plain bricks that is often used to make a structural floor surface and traditionally constructed by laying bricks lengthwise over a wood form or "centering", making it a much gentler curve than has generally been produced by other methods of construction)  Transformed the raw materials into an assembly of powerful images ( away from the principles of Viollet Le Duc) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 8 The traditional Catalan vault

9. 2 ART NOUVEAU (Antoni Gaudi) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 9 Casa Mila – Barcelona Floor plan of Casa Mila Interior view

10. 2 ART NOUVEAU (Antoni Gaudi) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 10 Casa Mila – Barcelona

11. 2 ART NOUVEAU (Antoni Gaudi) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 11 Sagrada Familia Church

12. 2 ART NOUVEAU (Antoni Gaudi) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 12 Guell Park -Barcelona Fort Gate of Guell Park

13. 2 ART NOUVEAU (Victor Horta) Hotel Tassel in Brussels, the first extensive use of iron in domestic architecture. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 13 Van Eetvelde Hotel Horta House Van Eetveldel Hotel is a good example of Art Nouveau where Horta uses Iron material explicitly. The structural elements are of iron exposed rather than being hidden that can not be overseen as these elements are constructed until the roof..

14. 2 ART NOUVEAU (Hector Guimard) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 14 Symphony Music Hall The Gate of Paris Metro Guimard completely applied Viollet –Le – Duc Theory It represents a style of architecture towards being true. To do so, architecture must be the product of the soil where it exists and of the period which is in needs of it. Guimard is regarded as the creator of metro style, the Gate of Paris Metro made of iron & glass. Another architectural work counted for Guimard is the Symphony Music Hall

15. 2 ART NOUVEAU (Charles Rennie ) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 15 Charles Rennie Mackintosh Glasgow School of Arts Refused to use iron material and instead used stone material with large openings. Sought every effort to incorporate engines and up-to-date systems suitable for environmental control. The reason for this is Rennie believes that iron does not emphasize powerful expression as stone might do. Glasgow School of Art ( the effect of form depends on contrasting plain wall and glazed surfaces while using local elements.

16. 3 Cubism The style of architecture appeared in 19 th century at the time of ART NOUVEAU. The referred to using pure geometrical forms: circle, rectangle, square, & etc The style reveals the call for simple architecture and resists the exaggerative use of ornament in architecture hoping to achieve equality among various social classes. The quality of an object can not be judged based on abstract terms only, but it should be evaluated on the basis of time, cost and technique required for manufacture ( social economy ). Ornament & crime (Adofloos):  A waste of time.  A waste of health.  A waste of material. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 16 Apartment Building 1911 Looshaus apartment building 1911 – Vienna

17. 3 Cubism Principles of Cubism architecture: 1. Civilization & development is much associated with getting ride of ornaments; 2. Spaces have to be associated with relations and appropriateness when re-arranging them; 3. The focus is on the interior space that is separated by simple elements while simplifying the outside space; 4. Priority is given to the space through using cubic forms rather than wreaking it by using ornaments and unnecessary decoration; and 5. Beauty in architecture is achieved by scoring harmony between massiveness and openness, appropriate relation of various forms used and the treatment of both texture color surface. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 17

18. 3 Cubism (Adolf Loos) Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 18 Stenir House 1910 Villa Project Features: - Colors are unified -Buildings are cubic in form and perpendicular angles -Flat roof indicating the cubic form of the building -Harmony achieved between massive & open -fine in texture -The buildings have no certain style. Rather they express the architect attitude

19. 4 MONUMANTALISM and/or EXPRESSIONISM The style means that artist or designers have to express their feelings the way they feel: architects accordingly design on the basis of the idea; One branch of Expressionism is Symbolism: buildings express themselves and this is a naïve understanding of architecture leading to design a chose factory as chose form, a bakery as a bread form and etc; The style primarily deals with the form regardless of function or structural system; Form has to be unique on the cost of function & historical reference; & Architecture is conceptualized in its symbolic orientation providing naïve understanding and less in-depth; Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 19

20. 4 MONUMANTALISM and/or EXPRESSIONISM Petter Behrens Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 20 Turbine Factory 1908 Hans Poelzig Auditorium, Berlin 1919

21. 4 MONUMANTALISM and/or EXPRESSIONISM Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 21 Eric Mendelssohn Einstein Building Sketches of Mendelssohn

22. ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURE Principles 1. Architecture is part of the environment surrounding it illustrated as art picture within that environment; 2. Design adopts harmony; 3. Simplicity is a key with a complete abstraction; 4. The basic idea is to start from the two dimensional elements and juxtapose them according to a new sense of interrelationship; and 5. The use of basic colors ( yellow for vertical, blue for horizontal and red ) while usually using the black color to separate between these three. Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 22

23. ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURE Rietveld Schroder Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 23 GF FF South-East Elevation North Elevation South-West Elevation

24. ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURE Prepared by Dr. Hazem Abu-Orf, 17.06.2008 24 Rietveld, Schroder House, 1824 Contrast in colors and their direction to achieve balance; The design is mainly comprised of surfaces that are without ornament The design largely adopts harmony regardless function considered as fine art; The interior space is acting as large open space with its separating walls are movable depending on variation of needs.