1. Risk & Risk Management

2. Risk management Risk management is concerned with identifying risks and drawing up plans to minimise their effect on a project. A risk is a probability that some adverse circumstance will occur – Project risks affect schedule or resources; – Product risks affect the quality or performance of the software being developed; – Business risks affect the organisation developing or procuring the software.

3. The risk management process Risk identification – Identify project, product and business risks; Risk analysis – Assess the likelihood and consequences of these risks; Risk planning – Draw up plans to avoid or minimise the effects of the risk; Risk monitoring – Monitor the risks throughout the project;

4. The risk management process

5. Risk identification Technology risks. People risks. Organisational risks. Requirements risks. Estimation risks.

6. Risk analysis Assess probability and seriousness of each risk. Probability may be very low, low, moderate, high or very high. Risk effects might be catastrophic, serious, tolerable or insignificant.

7. Risk analysis (i)

8. Risk planning Consider each risk and develop a strategy to manage that risk. Avoidance strategies – The probability that the risk will arise is reduced; Minimisation strategies – The impact of the risk on the project or product will be reduced; Contingency plans – If the risk arises, contingency plans are plans to deal with that risk;

9. Risk management strategies (i)

10. Risk management strategies (ii)

11. Risk monitoring Assess each identified risks regularly to decide whether or not it is becoming less or more probable. Also assess whether the effects of the risk have changed. Each key risk should be discussed at management progress meetings.

12. Risk Management Risk = Something that may happen. A Possible Danger or Threat. Issue = Something that exists or already has happened A Problem or Concern

13. Risk Management Process Identification List potential risk name, detail, and Impact Classification  Risk Category  Management  Financial/Commercial  Technical & Specs  Procurement  Legal  Quality Assurance  Supplier  External  Inter Prog Dependency  Human Resources  Strategic  Change Management  Political  Timescale  Cost  Specifications  Training & User  Availability  Performance  Patient Scoring

14. Risk Ownership & Mitigation Avoidance - prevent the risk occurring Transfer - pass the risk to the party best equipped to deal with it, typically an escalation Acceptance - accept the risk as defined. Control - recognise the risk, take actions to deal with it, understand the expected results of these actions and when their effectiveness can be reviewed Investigation - not a comprehensive response on its own, but often required to more fully define the risk or develop alternative handling actions.  Brainstorm & Decide a course of action to Mitigate or nullify the Risk  Allocate an owner and person responsible for carrying out actions to nullify Risk.  Agree and Record Timescale for mitigation.  Monitor Results and repeat process if necessary.

15. Risk Management in Export-import Business Risk is a fact of business life, more so of international business. The Management of International business is the management of risk. Important business transactions should not happen without a full evaluation of the risks involved. Best business plans have been ruined by a miscalculation or a mistake, or an error in judgment that could have been avoided with proper planning.

16. Risk Management in Export-import Business Many types of risks can be insured against, including the risk of damage to the goods at sea, the risk of losing an investment in a developing country and many others.

17. Risk Management in Export-import Business (1) Risk Assessment and the Firm’s Foreign Market Entry Strategy: When a firm is considering its entry or expansion in a foreign market, it must consider all options and decide on a course of action commensurate with its objectives, capabilities and its willingness to assume risk. Selling to a customer in another country results in less risk to the firm than licensing trademarks, patents and copyrights there.

18. Risk Management in Export-import Business (2) Managing Distance and Communications: The risks of doing business in a foreign country are different from those encountered at home. Potential Risks:- greater distances; problems in communications; language and cultural barriers; differences in ethical, moral and religious codes; exposure to strange foreign laws and government regulations; and different currencies.

19. Risk Management in Export-import Business (3) Managing Currency and Exchange Rate Risks: Currency risk is risk a firm is exposed to as a result of buying, selling, or holding a foreign currency. Currency risk includes: (i) Exchange Rate Risk (ii) Currency Control Risk (i) Exchange Rate Risk: Exchange rate risk results from the fluctuations in the relative values of the foreign currencies against each other when they are bought and sold on international financial markets.

20. Risk Management in Export-import Business (ii) Currency Control Risk: Some countries, particularly developing countries where access to ready foreign reserve is limited, put restrictions on currency transactions. In order to preserve the little foreign exchange that is available for international transactions, such as importing merchandise, these countries restrict the amount of foreign currency that they will sell to private companies. This limitation can cause problems for a U.S or any other country exporter waiting for payment from its foreign customer who cannot obtain the dollars needed to pay for the goods.

21. Risk Management in Export-import Business (4) Special Transactions Risks in Contracts for the Sale of Goods: Special risks are inherent in international transactions for the purchase and sale of goods. These transactions present special risks to both the parties because the process of shipping goods and receiving payment between distant countries is riskier than within a country. Such risks are: (i) Payment or Credit Risk (ii) Property or Marine Risk (iii) Delivery Risk (iv) Pilferage and Theft Risk

22. Risk Management in Export-import Business (5) Managing Political Risk: Political Risk is generally defined as the risk to a firm’s business interests arising form political instability or political change in a country in which the firm is doing business. Political Risk includes risk derived from potentially adverse actions of Governments of the foreign countries in which one is doing business or whose laws and regulations one is subject to. It also includes laws and Government policies

23. Risk Management in Export-import Business (6) Risks of Foreign Laws and Courts: Many Acts that are perfectly legal in one country can be illegal in another. Indeed, most travelers to a foreign country could conceivably break a host of laws and not even be aware of it. The same is true for the law of contracts, employment, competition, and other business laws.

24. Risk Management in Export- import Business (7) Commercial Risks: The risks arising from suitability of the product for the market or otherwise change in supply and demand conditions and changes in price. Commercial risks arise due to: (i) Lack of Knowledge (ii) Inability to adapt to the environment (iii) Different kinds of situations to be dealt with (iv) Greater transit time involved

25. Risk Management in Export-import Business (8) Cargo Risk: Transit disasters are an ever present hazard for those engaged in Export-Import business. Every shipment runs the risk of a long list of hazards such as storm, collision, theft, leakage, explosion, spoilage etc. It is possible to transfer the financial losses resulting from perils of and in transit to underwriters. Every importer/exporter should have an elementary knowledge of marine insurance to get the protection required