2. Support and Movement Biology

3. Author list 陳頌詩 黃建新 黃良君 黃秉誠 尹淑賢 5161R Group 2

4. Contents Why do organisms need a skeleton? What are skeletal tissues? Two parts of skeleton Joints and degree of movement What is skeletal muscles? How is movement achieved? How are plants supported? Multiple choices

5. Why do organisms need a skeleton? n Mammals have endoskeletons for support for producing blood cells Do you know what is the deficiency disease of calcium? Contents

6. Why do organisms need a skeleton? for movement for protection Lungs Heart Contents

7. Why? for storage of minerals Ca 2+ Why do organisms need a skeleton? If the bone is immersed in an acidic solution for about 2 days, what will happen? acid Contents

8. Summary n The mammalian skeleton is important in support, for attachment of muscles and functioning as a lever for movement, in protecting internal organs, in producing blood cells and in storage of calcium. Contents

9. What are skeletal tissues? n The skeletons are made up of bones and cartilages. Transverse section of a compact bones ? Structure of cartilage Which one contains more mineral salts? Contents

10. What are skeletal tissues? Cartilage Spongy bone containing red bone marrow. Compact bone yellow Cavity containing yellow bone marrow What is the use of the bone marrows? Contents

11. What are skeletal tissues? If my bones are burnt, it will become brittle. Contents

12. Axial skeleton Two parts of skeleton Appendicular skeleton Contents

13. Two parts of skeleton Appendicular skeleton Pectoral girdles Pectoral limbs Pelvic girdles Pelvic limbs Axial skeleton Skull Sternum Ribs Vertebral column Contents

14. Joints and degree of movement n 1. Hinge joints Hinge joints allow movement in one plane. Synovial Joint Contents

15. Joints and degree of movement 2. Ball-and-socket joints How many planes of movement do ball-an-socket joints allow? Contents

16. Joints and degree of movement n 2. Ligaments are tough and they prevent dislocation of a joint during movement. pelvic girdle ligaments femur cartilage synovial joint synovial membrane Contents

17. What is skeletal muscles? n The background shows the skeletal muscle cells n Muscles work together with bones to give support to mammals. In aerobic respiration: In anaerobic respiration: Contents Muscle can contract powerfully, but can it stretch powerfully?

18. How is movement achieved? n 1. Tendons are tough and they connect muscles to bones. muscle tendons Contents

19. n 2. Biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles involved in the movement of the forearm. They work in pairs and in opposing directions. Contents How is movement achieved?

20. n 3. Contraction of biceps (flexor) bends the forearm while contraction of triceps (extensor) straightens the forearm. triceps relaxes biceps contracts triceps contracts biceps contracts Contents How is movement achieved?

21. Contents How is movement achieved?

22. n 4. Bone act as levers during movement. Movable joints act as the fulcrum. Concentration of muscles creates the effort. contraction of biceps (effort) hand (load) elbow joint (fulcrum) Contents How is movement achieved?

23. How are plants supported? n 1. Support in young plants or non-woody parts of plants is contributed mainly by turgidity of the thin-walled cells in the cortex and pith. Contents

24. Water absorbed by osmosis turgid Water lost by osmosis flaccid Wilting occurs In this case, transpiration is faster than absorption of water. Contents How are plants supported?

25. n 2. Support in woody stems is contributed mainly by rigidity of the lignified cells in xylem. Contents How are plants supported?

26. Multiple choices 1. Which muscles contract to effect a change form the condition shown in Diagram I to that in Diagram II? P, Q and R P, Q and S P, R and T Q, S and T Contents

27. Multiple choices 2. Which of the following functions are carried out by bone W? (1) Producing red blood cells (2) helping in ventilation of the lung (3) protecting internal organs (1) and (2) only (1) and (3) only (2) and (3) only (1), (2) and (3) Contents

28. Multiple choices 3. Which of the joints X, Y and Z allow(s) movement between the bones? Y only Z only X and Y only Y and Z only Contents

29. Multiple choices 4. Which of the following correctly describes the functions of structures A and B? holding the bones transmitting force together to the bone acting as a pivot protecting the joint protecting the joint preventing dislocation of the joint transmitting force acting as a pivot to the bone Structure A Structure B Contents

30. Multiple choices 5. The diagram below shows a man at a certain stage of swimming: Which of the following combinations correctly describes the conditions of his arm muscles at this stage? Left armRight arm Biceps Triceps contracted relaxedrelaxed contracted relaxed contractedcontracted relaxed contracted relaxedcontracted relaxed relaxed contractedrelaxed contracted Contents

31. Multiple choices 6. The diagram below shows a human arm holding a weight: The length of EF is shorter than the length of WF. What is the advantage of this arrangement? The biceps would not become fatigue easily. This would make the biceps stronger than the triceps. Less energy would be used by the biceps in supporting the weight. A small contraction of the biceps would move the weight through a large distance. Contents

32. Multiple choices 7. Which structures are parts of the axial skeleton? 3 1, 2 and 3 1, 2 and 4 1, 3 and 4 2, 3 and 4 Contents

33. Multiple choices 8. Which of the following correctly lists the structures protected by the different parts of the skeleton? 3 1 2 3 brain aorta stomach ears aorta heart brain spinal cord heart ears spinal cord stomach Contents

34. Multiple choices 9. The diagram below shows a model of a movable joint: Which of the following combinations is correct? Type of joint represented by the model Example hinge jointknee joint hinge jointshoulder joint ball and socket jointshoulder joint ball and socket jointKnee joint Contents

35. Multiple choices 10. The diagrams below show three sets of bones of the human skeleton: Ball and socket joint can be formed between 1 and 3. 1 and 4. 2 and 3. 2 and 4. 1 Contents

36. Multiple choices The model below illustrate the movement at the elbow joint: 11. Which of the following occurs when Q is shortened? shortenedraised shortenedlowered stretchedraised stretched lowered P S Contents

37. Multiple choices The model below illustrate the movement at the elbow joint: 12. The model is useful for demonstrating the movement of the upper arm. that the joint allows 360º movement. that the biceps is stronger than the triceps. the actions of a pair of antagonistic muscles. Contents

38. Multiple choices Diagram I shows some muscles attached to the leg bones. Diagram II shows the posture of a person sitting on a stool. Which muscles in the person’s leg are contracted when he maintains the posture shown in the diagram II? muscles 1 and 2 only muscles 1 and 3 only muscles 2 and 4 only muscles 3 and 4 only 13. 1 2 Contents

39. Multiple choices 14. Which of the following are involved in maintaining our postures? (1) skeletal muscles (2) bones (3) ligaments (4) nervous system (1) and (2) only (3) and (4) only (1), (2) and (3) only (1), (2), (3) and (4) Contents

40. Multiple choices 14. Which of the following is not a function of the mammalian skeleton? storage of fat storage of calcium destruction of red blood cells production of white blood cells Contents

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