1. Chapter 7
Muscular System

2. Functions of Muscular System
Body heat to maintain body temperature
Body movement
Body form and shape to maintain posture

3. Types of Muscles Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
Under conscious control
Smooth muscle
Not under conscious control
Cardiac muscle
In the heart only

4. Animation – Types of Muscle Tissue
Click Here to play Types of Muscle Tissue animation

5. Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Excitability or irritability
Extensibility
Elasticity

6. Muscle Attachments and Functions
Over 650 muscles in the body
Muscles must be attached to bones for leverage
Muscles only pull, never push
Attached to bone by tendons

7. Muscle Attachments and Functions
Muscles are attached at both ends
Attachments may be to bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin or to each other
Origin and insertion
Prime mover and antagonist
Synergists

8. Sources of Energy and Heat
Narrow range of normal body temperature
98.6 °F to 99.8°F
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Need oxygen, glucose, and other material to make
By-product is lactic acid

9. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
Myoneural stimulation
Contraction of muscle proteins

10. Effects of Aging Muscle atrophy
Fibrous tissue replaces the muscle tissue
Decrease in muscular strength and endurance
Loss of energy storage
Fatigue

11. Muscle Fatigue Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles
When not enough oxygen can be transported to oxidize all the glucose
Muscles contract anaerobically
Excess lactic acid causes fatigue and cramps
Need to repay oxygen debt

12. Muscle Tone Muscle tone Proper nutrition and regular exercise Isotonic
Muscles are always slightly contracted and ready to pull
Proper nutrition and regular exercise
Isotonic
Isometric
Atrophy and hypertrophy

13. Principle Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal or voluntary muscles
Move the skeleton
Also control movement of the eyeballs, eyelids, lips, tongues, and skin

14. Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location
Size
Direction
Number of origins
Location of origin and insertion
Not all muscles are named by above method

15. Muscles 656 muscles 327 antagonistic muscles and two unpaired muscles
Orbicularis oris
Diaphragm

16. Muscles
Head muscles
Neck muscles
Trunk and extremity muscles

17. Muscles of the Head and Neck
Control expressions
Mastication
Movement of the head

18. Muscles Muscles of the upper extremities Muscles of the trunk
Shoulder, arm and hand movements
Muscles of the trunk
Breathing and movement of the abdomen and pelvis
Muscles of the lower extremities
Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes

19. Exercise Alters the size, structure, and strength of a muscle Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Scar formation from injury

20. Exercise Improved coordination
Improved respiratory and circulatory system
Elimination or reduction of excess fat
Improved joint movement

21. Exercise Increase in muscle size
Improved antagonistic muscle coordination
Improved functioning in the cortical brain region, where the nerve impulses that start muscular contraction

22. Massage Muscles Potential health benefits
Terms used in massage therapy to describe type of massage
Location of surface body muscles
Physiotherapy and general massage

23. Electrical Stimulation
Passing electrical currents through the skin into the body for therapeutic uses
Stimulate nerve tissue
Do not produce heat or cold
Used in physical therapy

24. Intramuscular Injections
Deltoid (upper arm)
Vastus lateralis (anterior thigh)
Dorsal gluteal or ventral gluteal (buttocks)

25. Musculoskeletal Disorders
Muscle atrophy
Muscle strain
Muscle spasm
Myalgia
Hernia

26. Musculoskeletal Disorders
Flatfeet (talipes)
Tetanus (lockjaw)
Torticollis (wry neck)
Muscular dystrophy
Myastenia gravis

27. Recreational Injuries
Tennis elbow
Shin splints
Rotator cuff disease

28. Treatment
Short term treatment for sprains, tears, pulls and other minor muscle of joint injuries
RICE
R – Rest
I – Ice
C – Compression
E – Elevation