1. Muscles and Movements

2. Ligaments – attach bone to bone
State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement
Bones – carry the body’s weight and serve as anchors for muscles to work against and cause movement
Ligaments – attach bone to bone
Muscles -have elastic properties which allow movement to occur by becoming shorter and thicker; pulling the bones with them

3. Cont’d Tendons – attach muscle to bone
Nerves – stimulates muscle to contract and create movement

4. State the roles of bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and nerves in human movement
Bones – provide attachment sites for skeletal muscle
Ligaments – connect bone to bone; restrict movement at joints
Muscles – provide force needed for skeletal motion
Tendons – attach muscle to bone
Nerves – stimulate and coordinated muscles contraction

5. Skeletal Joints Junctions between bones
Cartilage – reduces friction where bones meet
Synovial fluid – lubrication; reduces friction
Joint capsule – seals the joint and holds in the synovial fluid

6. Elbow Joint

7. Outline the functions of the human elbow joint
Articular cartilage – reduces wear and tear, reduces friction
Synovial fluid – lubricates and shock absorbs
Joint capsule – seals the joint space and provides stability
Humerus, radius and ulna – upper arm (origin) and lower arm (insertion)
Antagonistic muscles – bicep (flexor of R&U), tricep (extensor of R&U)

8. Compare movements of the hip joint and knee joint
Hip joint - is a ball and socket joint that can move in multiple directions. (flexion, extension, abduction, abduction, medial and lateral rotation)
Knee joint – flexion and extensionj

9. Structure of striated muscle fibers
•Muscle fibers/fibres – multinucleate muscle cells
consist of myofibrils, sarcomeres, actin – myosin

10. Structure of a sarcomere & Sarcomere contraction
Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of a sarcomere, including Z lines, actin & myosin filaments (w/heads) and light and dark bands

11. Striated Muscle Micrograph

12. Sarcomere TEM

13. Explain how skeletal muscle contracts (i
Explain how skeletal muscle contracts (i.e The Sliding Filament Theory)

14. Analyze electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscle fibers
Muscle fibers can be, fully relaxed, slightly- moderately or fully contracted