1. Chapter 37

2. What do you think the functions of the skin are?

3. Integumentary System Skin Hair Nails

4. Functions Protect from injury Defense against illness Regulate body temp Prevents dehydration Senses environment

5. Skin 15% of your weight Largest organ Specialized Structures Integumentary System

6. Tissues of Skin Connective Epithelial Layers: Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous

7. Epidermis Outermost layer Composed of epithelial cells

8. Epidermis Continued Outermost layer- flat, dead cells Filled with Keratin Protein that protects and waterproofs

9. Replacement of cells Mitosis occurs frequently Outermost cells scraped away New cells made at the basal layer

10. Other Cells of the Epidermis Melanocytes Innermost layer of epidermis Form melanin Pigment

11. Role of melanin Skin coloration Absorbs UV rays

12. Dermis Second layer Connective Tissue Elasticity Toughness

13. Specialized Cells of Dermis Hair follicles Nerve Cells Blood Vessels Sweat Glands Sebaceous glands Muscles

14. Subcutaneous Layer Below the dermis Composed of connective tissue (fat)

15. Functions of Subcutaneous Insulation Energy Storage Absorb Shock Varying amount of subcutaneous layer

16. Pacinian Corpuscle Detects pressure changes and vibrations

17. Hair Specialized epidermal cells Produced by hair follicle Dead cells filled with keratin

18. Hair Grows for average of 4 years Stops for around 3 months Falls out

19. Hair Color

20. Nails Specialized epidermal cells Cells in the cuticle make Newest cells near cuticle Filled with keratin

21. Skin Disorders Acne- overproduction of sebum Clogs pores Causes area to be infected, inflamed and pus filled

22. Skin Cancer Mutations to cells by overexposure to UV rays Carcinoma and melanoma Carcinoma= non- pigmented cells

23. Melanoma Cancer of melanocytes More dangerous metastasized

24. Function of Muscles Maintain posture Generate heat Stabilizes joints Produce movement

25. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

26. Skeletal Tissue Voluntary Multi- nucleated Striated Attached to skeleton Biceps

27. Smooth Muscle Involuntary One nucleus per cell Not striated Lines organs

28. Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Striated Uni-nucleated Heart

29. Muscle attachment Tendon Insertion Origin

30. Muscle Pairs Antagonistic Flexor Extensor

32. Exercise ATP made by aerobic cellular respiration Needs Oxygen Occurs in mitochondria

33. Aerobic Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + ATP Intense Exercise?

34. Glycolysis Used to produce ATP when oxygen levels reduce Also called anaerobic respiration Takes place in cytoplasm Lack of ATP- break down fat and glycogen

35. Muscle Fatigue Muscle unable to generate force Caused by: More ATP is needed than can be produced

36. Fitness Aerobic Exercise Increases efficiency of the Heart

37. Resistance Training Increases size of muscle fibers