1. Brain and Cranial Nerves

3. Terminology Hemispheres Gyrus (Gyri) Sulcus (Sulci)
Longitudinal Fissure
Ventricles
CSF

6. Anatomy of the Brain Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain Stem
Thalamus
Hyothalamus
Brain Stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

7. Cerebrum Anatomy Functions Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Functions
Sensory cortex
Motor cortex
Emotion
Intellectual processes
Auditory
Visual
Speech

11. Cerebellum Anatomy Functions Hemispheres
Compares intended movement with what is actually happening
Smooth, coordinated movements
Posture/balance

13. Brain Stem Anatomy Functions Medulla oblongata Pons Midbrain Medulla
Relays motor and sensory information
Regulates heartbeat, breathing and blood vessel dilation
Pons
Control breathing

19. Protective Coverings (Meninges)
Dura mater
Dense connective tissue
Arachnoid
Nonvascular connective tissue
Pia mater
Highly vascular
Covers surface of the brain and spinal cord and invaginates along cortical surface to form perivascular spaces

22. Cerebral Spinal Fluid Formed in the choroid plexus
Reabsorbed into saggittal sinus by arachnoid villi
Protects brain against concussive trauma
removes waste products

23. Foramen of Monro

24. Cranial Nerves I: Olfactory II: Optic III: Oculomotor IV: Trochlear
V: Trigeminal
VI: Abducens
VII: Facial
VIII:Vestibulocochlear
Acoustic
IX: Glossopharyngeal
X: Vagus
XI: Accessory
XII: Hypoglossal

25. Mnemonic On
Old
Olympus’
Tower
Top A
Fin
And
German
Viewed A
Hop

26. MNEMONIC OLFACTORY OPTIC OCULOMOTOR TROCHLEAR TRIGEMINAL ABDUCENS
FACIAL
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
VAGUS
ACCESSORY
HYPOGLOSSAL OH
ONCE
ONE
TAKES
THE
ANATOMY
FINAL
VERY
GOOD
VACATION
A-HEAD

27. CN I: OLFACTORY Cranial nerve I Function: Clinical test for damage:
smell
Clinical test for damage:
determine whether a person can smell something aromatic

28. CN II: OPTIC Cranial nerve II Function: Clinical test for damage:
vision
Clinical test for damage:
tests peripheral vision and visual acuity
Effects of damage:
blindness in part or all of the visual field

29. CNIII: OCULOMOTOR Cranial nerve III Function:
eye movements, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing, proprioception
Clinical tests for injury:
differences in pupil size; pupillary response to light; eye tracking
Effects of damage
dropping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision

30. CNIV: TROCHLEAR Cranial nerve IV
Function: eye movements and proprioception
Clinical test for injury: ability to rotate eye inferolaterally
Effects of damage – double vision, patient tilts head toward affected side

31. CN V: TRIGEMINAL Cranial nerve V Function: sensory nerve of the face
Clinical test for injury:
corneal reflex; sense of touch, pain, and temperature; clench teeth; move mandible side to side
Effects of damage:
loss of sensation and impaired chewing
Largest of the cranial nerves
Blinking in response to light touch to the eyeball

32. CN VI: ABDUCENS AND CN VII: FACIAL
Cranial Nerve VI
Function: Eye movements
Clinical test: lateral eye movement
Effects of damage: inability to rotate eye laterally; at rest – eye rotates medially because of action of antagonistic muscles
Cranial Nerve VII
Function: facial expression; sense of taste
Clinical test: motor functions – close eyes, smile, whistle, frown, raise eyebrows; taste
Effects of damage: inability to control facial muscles; distorted sense of taste

33. CN VIII: VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
Cranial Nerve VIII
Function: hearing and equilibrium
Clinical tests: test hearing, balance, and ability to walk a straight line
Effects of damage: deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, and nystagmus

34. CN IX: GLOSSOPHARANGEAL AND CN X: VAGUS
Cranial Nerve IX
Function: swallowing, salivation, gagging; touch, pressure, taste, and pain sensations from tongue, pharynx, and outer ear
Clinical tests: gag reflex, swallowing, and coughing
Effects of damage: difficulty swallowing
Cranial Nerve X
Function: swallowing; taste; speech; respiratory, CV, and GI regulation; sensations of hunger, fullness, and intestinal discomfort
Clinical tests: test with cranial nerve IX
Effects of damage: hoarseness or loss of voice; impaired swallowing and GI motility
Can be fatal if vagus nerve is damaged – 2 routes

35. CN XI: ACCESSORY AND CN XII: HYPOGLOSSAL
Cranial Nerve XI
Function: swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movements
Clinical tests: rotate head and shrug shoulders against resistance
Effects of damage: impaired movement of head, neck, and shoulders; paralysis of sternocleidomastoid
Cranial Nerve XII
Function: tongue movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing
Clinical test: tongue function
Effects of damage: difficulty in speech and swallowing; atrophy of tongue; inability to stick out (protrude) tongue
Paralysis will cause head to turn toward injured side