1. Parallel Rendering 1

2. 2 Introduction In many situations, standard rendering pipeline not sufficient ­Need higher resolution display ­More primitives than one pipeline can handle Want to use commodity components to build system that can render in parallel Use standard network to connect

3. 3 Power Walls Where display large data sets? ­Need resolution comparable to data set to see detail Medical: CT / MRI Ocean / atmospheric Solutions? ­Multi LCD / Plasma panels ­Multiple projectors Commodity High-end

4. 4 Tiled Display

5. 5 CS Power Wall 6 dual processor Intellestations G Force 3 Graphics cards 6 commodity projectors (1024 x 768) Gigabit ethernet Back projected screen Shared facility with scalable system group ­Investigate OS and network issues

6. 6 CS Power Wall

7. 7

8. 8 Power Wall Inexpensive but some problems ­Color matching ­Vignetting ­Alignment Overlap areas ­Synching ­Dark field

9. 9 Graphics Architectures Pipeline Architecture ­SGI Geometry Engine ­Geometry passes through pipeline ­Hardware for clipping transformations texture mapping Project/Sort Clip Transform RasterizeScreen

10. 10 Building Blocks Graphics processors consist of geometric blocks and rasterizers Geometric units: transformations, clipping, lighting Rasterization: scan conversion, shading Parallelize by using mutiple blocks Where to do depth check? R GGG RR

11. 11 Sorting Paradigm Can categorize different ways of interconnecting blocks using sorting paradigm: each projector responsible for one area of screen  must sort primitives and assign to proper projector Algorithms categorized by where sorting occurs

12. 12 Three Rendering Methods Sort-First Rendering Sort-Middle Rendering Sort-Last Rendering R GGG RR Sort GGGRRR R GGG RR Composite

13. 13 Sort First Each R assigned to area of screen Each G coupled to own R Must sort primitives first Can use commodity cards R GGG RR Sort

14. 14 Sort-First Rendering: Random Triangles Application

15. 15 Sort Middle Gs and Rs decoupled Each G can be assigned any group of objects Each R assigned to area of screen Must sort between stages GGGRRR Sort

16. 16 Sort Last Couple Rs and Gs Assign objects to Gs to load balance or via application Composite results at end R GGG RR Composite

17. 17 Tree Compositing Composite in pairs Send color and depth buffers Each time half processors become idle

18. 18 Binary Swap Compositing Each processor responsible for one part of display Pass data to right n times

19. 19 Sort-Last Rendering: Random Triangles Application

20. 20 Comparison Sort first ­Appealing but hard to implement Sort middle ­Used in hardware pipelines ­More difficult to implement with add-on commodity cards Sort last ­Easy to implement with compositing stage ­High network traffic

21. 21 Mapping to Clusters Different architectures ­Shared vs distributed memory ­Communication overhead ­Parallel vs distributed algorithms Easy to do sort last Must evaluate communication cost Standard visualization strategies incorrect if transparency used

22. 22 Vista Azul Experimental architecture from IBM ­donated to AHPCC Half Intel nodes, half AIX nodes Only one (PCI) graphics card per four processors Contained Scalable Graphics Engine (SGE): high-speed high-resolution color buffer ­accessible by all processors

23. 23 Vista Azul

24. 24 Comparison Between Sort-First and Sort-Last

25. 25 Performance on PC Cluster Following experiments done by Ye Cong on CS cluster ­6 Intellestations ­Gigabit Ethernet ­GForce 3 graphics Show effect of network

26. 26 Sort-First vs Sort Last Random Triangles

27. 27 Sort First vs Sort Last Teapot

28. 28 Azul vs Intellistations

29. 29 Software for Parallel Rendering Write your own sort-first sort-last WireGL/Chromium (Stanford) Embed inside package (VTK)

30. 30 WireGL: A Distributed Graphics System SW-based parallel rendering system ­unifies rendering power of collection of cluster nodes Scalability achieved by integrating parallel applications into sort-first parallel Rs Each node in cluster: either rendering client or rendering server Clients submit OpenGL commands concurrently to servers Servers render final physical image

31. 31 Chromium Successor to WireGL Allows both sort first and sort last rendering Implemented on CS cluster Most of gain in performance because Chromium and WireGL can group state- changing commands separately from rendering commands

32. 32 Chromium vs Sort First MRI rotation