2. Everything psychological is simultaneously biological
Unit 2 Biology of Behavior Objective 1: Explain why psychologists are concerned with human behavior.
Everything psychological is simultaneously biological
Biological psychologists (neuroscientists) - researchers who study the links between biology & behavior

3. Quick Review - Obj. 1: Explain why psychologists are concerned with biology.
1. In the most basic sense, every idea, mood memory and behavior you have ever experienced is a _________ phenomenon.
2.Researchers who study the links between biology & behavior are called _______________.
biological
Biological psychologist

4. Quick Review - Obj. 2: Describe the parts of the neuron.
3. Our body’s neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or ______________. 4. The extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the ____________ 5. The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the ___________. 6. The neural impulse or _________ __________, is a brief electrical charge that travels down the _____________. 7. The junction or space between two neurons is called ____________.
neurons
dendrites
axon
action
potential
axon
Synapse.

5. Terminal buttons
12. 8.
dendrites
10.
axon
Myelin sheath
11. 9.
Cell body

6. Quick Review Obj. 3: Explain how nerve cells communicate.
13. To fire a neuron must reach a certain minimum intensity called a ________. 14. Increasing a stimulus above this level __________ (will / will not) increase the neural impulse’s intensity. 15. This phenomenon is known as an _____- ___ - _____ response. 16. The strength of a stimulus (hug vs. light touch) _____ (does/does not) affect the speed of the neural impulse. 17. At the synapse, the neural impulse triggers the release of chemical messengers called________________. 18.Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by ______ or _______ their readiness to fire. 19. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by a process called _______.
threshold
will not
none
all or
does not
neurotransmitters
excitatory
inhibitory
reuptake

7. How fast are our neurons?
Neural Communication
How fast are our neurons?

8. .

9. Objective 2: Describe the parts of a neuron
DENDRITE
receives messages and sends message toward cell body

10. Neurons Dendrites lesson. Axon’s speak. AXON:
carries message through the neuron & out to other neurons
Dendrites lesson. Axon’s speak.

11. Neurons MYELIN SHEATH covers the axon & helps speed the neural message
If myelin sheath deteriorates message short circuits = MS

12. Function
Threshold: an impulse (message) is triggered only when excitatory signals are more than inhibitory signals meeting a minimum intensity called a threshold.

13. Neurons

14. ALL-OR-NONE response. Neuron either fires or not (gun)
A nerve impulse fires when the neuron is 1.)stimulated by signals from sensory receptors or when 2.)triggered by chemicals from other neurons.
ALL-OR-NONE response. Neuron either fires or not (gun)
ACTION POTENTIAL
the messages that neurons carry are nerve impulses; electrical signals

15. Before a neuron fires it is RESTING
A neuron cannot fire until it’s THRESHOLD is met.
Excitatory signals exceed inhibitory signals
Each neuron has a speed assigned to it (2mph to 200 mph).
An individual neuron cannot fire faster or slower…it as an ALL OR NONE response.
How then can we tell the difference between a big hug & a gentle touch?
**A stimulus (hug) can trigger MORE neurons to fire or to fire MORE OFTEN but not more intense or faster.**

16. the message ends (terminates)
Neurons
When a message reaches the end of an axon, your body changes electrical charge to a chemical message
Terminal Buttons:
the message ends (terminates)

17. Neurons

18. Objective 3: Explain how neurons communicate
Neurotransmitters
When the action potential (the message) reaches the terminal button (end of axon), your system converts the electrical charge into a chemical message called a NT.
Synapse
Space between the axon tip of a sending neuron and the dendrite of a receiving neuron NT

19. How Neurons Communicate

20. How Neurons Communicate

21. How Neurons Communicate

22. How Neurons Communicate

23. How Neurons Communicate
Reuptake:
the sending neuron reabsorbs the NT left over in the synapse

24. (after 7 NT definitions)
Objective 4: Describe how NT influence mood & behavior & explain how drugs affect NT.
Acetylcholine (AcH)
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
GABA
Glutamate
Endorphins
Tape in NB:
1) Neuron Diagram
2) Synapse Diagram
3) Mouse Party Lab Sheet
(after 7 NT definitions)
Look these up & put in your notes…what is the function of the chemical?

25. Put each mouse into the chamber
Read & listen to what happens in the brain when a particular drug is ingested
Record which NT is involved; explain what is happening; draw a diagram

26. Heroin Ecstasy Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine LSD Meth
agonist; binds to opiate receptors; dopamine floods synapse
Ecstasy
agonist for serotonin; stimulates release (ex) & blocks reuptake
Alcohol
antagonist for glutamate (ex) – prevents glutamate from binding to & exciting cell; increases GABA (in)
Marijuana
agonist; stimulates anadomides (stimulate hunger; sleepiness); stops inhibitory NT that should be stopping the release of dopamine
Cocaine
agonist for dopamine
LSD
agonist for serotonin
Meth

34. Objective 5: Identify the two major divisions of the nervous system & describe their basic functions.

35. Objective 5: Identify the two major divisions of the nervous system & describe their basic functions.

36. The Nervous System

37. sensory motor link nervous system w/ body’s senses, muscles, & glands
nerves:
carry from sense receptors TO the brain (CNS)
takes in information & sends info to other body parts
decision maker
sensory
interneurons
process info between sense input & motor output
motor
carry from brain (CNS) to body

38. The Nervous System

39. The Nervous System
involuntary
voluntary

40. The Nervous System
involuntary
voluntary

41. Sympathetic NS: makes you alert, needs a lot of energy to prepare you for action = heart rate blood pressure blood sugar digestion
pupils lungs
dilate/bigger
dilate/bigger

42. A Simple Reflex

43. endocrine system = hormones
Objective 6: Explain the endocrine system’s functions, & how it interacts w/ the nervous system.
nervous system = NT
endocrine system = hormones
chemicals that act all over body
slow
“endocrine hangover”
adrenal gland
surge of energy
adrenaline (fight-or-flight response)
pituitary gland
control center of endocrine sys.
growth & sex hormones
in brain / peas sized
controlled by hypothalmus (brains structure)
*endocrine & nervous system are on a constant feedback loop*

44. Definition Slides

45. Biological Psychology
= a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
Some biological psychologists call themselves
behavioral neuroscientists,
neuropsychologists,
behavior geneticists,
physiological psychologists, or
biopsychologists.

46. Neuron
= a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.

47. Sensory Neurons
= neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

48. Motor Neurons
= neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

49. Interneurons
= neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

50. Dendrite
= the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

51. Axon
= the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.

52. Myelin Sheath
= a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

53. Action Potential
= a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

54. Threshold
= a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

55. Synapse
= the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.

56. Neurotransmitters
= chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

57. Reuptake
= a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

58. Endorphins
= “morphine within” – natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure.

59. Nervous System
= the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.

60. Central Nervous System
= the brain and spinal cord.

61. Peripheral Nervous System
= the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

62. Nerves
= bundled axons that form neural “cables” connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

63. Somatic Nervous System
= the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles.
Also called the skeletal nervous system.

64. Autonomic Nervous System
= the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

65. Sympathetic Nervous System
= the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

66. Parasympathetic Nervous System
= the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy.

67. Reflex
= a simple, autonomic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk response.

68. Endocrine System
= the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

69. Hormones
= chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues.

70. Adrenal Glands
= a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

71. Pituitary Gland
= the endocrine system’s most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.