1. PC Desktop Specs  Intel Core 2 Duo Processor E8400 (3GHz, 6M, 1333MHz FSB)  Windows Vista Home Premium OS  2GB, DDR2 Non-ECC SDRAM, 800MHz (2 DIMMS)  160GB SATA 3GB/s  256MB ATI RADEON HD 3450 (Dual DVI/VGA/1 TV-out)  Optical Storage Device: DVD+/-RW  3-Year Basic Limited Warranty and 3-Year Next Business Day Onsite Service (or comparable service) 1

2. Hardware  – tiny electrical that can change between “on” and “off” millions of times per second  Currently, can fit 3 million in less than half a centimeter.  Moore’s Law – the number of that can be packed onto a doubles about every 18 months (with the cost staying the same)  In 1961 a chip had 4  In 1971 it had 2,300.  In 1979 it had 30,000.  In 1997 it had 7.5 million.  In 2005, Intel’s Itanium chip had 1.7 billion  This has enabled the industry to shrink the size and cost of things such as computers and cellphones while improving their performance.  – a bunch of and on a single chip (usually made of ) 2

3. Hardware: The Basics  System : the basic unit of computing  Uses just two numbers: and  All data and program instructions in the computer are represented as  : each 0 or 1 is a  : a group of 8  : ~1,000 (1,024)  : ~1 million (1,048,576)  : ~1 billion (1,073,741,824)  : ~ 1 trillion (1,009,511,627,576)  : ~ 1 quadrillion  Exabyte: ~ 1 quintillion  All the printed material in the world is ~ 5 exabytes 3

4. Processing  The and (located on your )  works with to process data  : Brain of the computer  Does all the (all the “thinking”)  “Process,” or change, data into information  – key part of processor  : RAM, ROM, Cache, etc.  Holds instructions that CPU will work on  Note that this does not include the !! 4

5. CPU  We often refer to as being “1.6 GHz ”  Referring to of clock  vibrations of crystal quartz  Loosely refers to how one can be accomplished  Older CPUs processing are in MegaHertz  1 MHz = 1 Million ticks per second  Current CPUs processing are in GigaHertz  1 GHz = 1 Billion ticks per second  The faster a CPU runs, the more it consumes, and the more it generates 5

6. Dual-Core  Two integrated into a single  These 2 work together to improve performance  Can have more than two  E.g., core has 4  Having 2 cores means we can processing speed without increasing requirement (and output)  Problem- must be able to take instructions and divide them into 2 sets that can run in  Can run two separate tasks 6

7. Parts of the CPU size The number of the can process at any one time A of data used by a computer system. The system handles this size of data For passing data around, it’s the size passed between the and It’s used to hold (so can’t be any bigger than a word in size) are used to locate data in 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit, etc. NOTE: if the uses 64 bit words, you want the to use 64-bit words as well. High-speed storage on the that temporarily store data during The is usually the size of the 7

8. Memory  Memory:  Holds Software instructions  Holds Data before & after the processes it  is and  – needs  – can jump right in and get the data it needs  Makes it fast  is All things being equal, to make your computer run faster, BUY MORE !!!! 8

9. Types of RAM 1. DRAM 2. SDRAM 3. SRAM 4. DDR-SDRAM 5. RDRAM 1. Dynamic RAM must be constantly refreshed by the CPU or it loses its contents 2. Synchronous Dynamic RAM is synchronized by the system clock and is much faster than DRAM 3. Static RAM is faster than DRAM and retains its contents without having to be refreshed by CPU (but is more expensive and larger) 4. Double-data rate synchronous dynamic RAM 5. PC600, PC700, and PC800, fastest throughput for memory 9

10. Other Memory   Cannot be written on or erased without special equipment  Loaded at factory with fixed instructions  Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor  Powered by a battery  Contains  Nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed more than once  Doesn’t require a battery  Used in newer PCs for instructions 10

11.  The works much faster than  So it could sit there waiting for information  temporarily stores instructions and data that the uses frequently to speed up processing  Level 1 (L1) is part of the  Holds 8 to 256 kb  Holds recently used data and instructions  Faster than Level 2  Level 2 (L2) is SRAM external  Holds 64 kb to 2 Mb (usually 1 Mb)  Holds data and instructions we think the will want next 11

12. Bus  Buses Transmit within the and between and other components – data between and other main hardware The faster the, the faster the computer Wider = faster 32 bit FSB > 16 bit Higher frequency = faster 400 MHz FSB > 300 MHz   Connections between and internal  Connects external devices to  Different types of (different bus connections)  e.g., USB Port 12

13. Sample Specifications Intel® Pentium® Dual-Core processor T2390 (1.86GHz, 1MB L2, 533MHz FSB) 4GB Dual Channel 667MHz DDR2 SDRAM. 320GB configured with a single 5400 RPM SATA hard drive. 8X Slot Load CD/DVD Writer (DVD+/-RW) 6X Slot Load Blu-ray/CD/DVD Combo Drive High resolution, glossy LED widescreen 17.0 inch display (1440x900) 13

14. 14 Secondary Storage

15. 15 Secondary Storage Hard Disks  Thin, rigid platters covered with a substance that allows data to be held in the form of charge  The more platters there are, the higher the drive capacity  Store data in,, and  Data read by   Big that maps to  Important data should always be backed up! , but many moving parts

16. 16 Secondary Storage Hard Disks   circuit that allows the to communicate with the  EIDE – Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics  Marketed as, Fast ATA, Ultra ATA, ATA-2, ATA/100  SCSI – Faster than EIDE controllers

17. 17 Optical Storage  s  Data is written and read using  Data stored in the form of and  – Read Only Memory  - recording only once  – erasable, can record and erase data repeatedly  - -style disk with extremely high capacity  Can store more and, and store in  Stores 4.7 or more GB  is used for recording only once  DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD+RW are reusable s  drives can read ’s, but not always vice versa  – next generation - 25 gigabytes

18. 18 Flash Memory  Nonvolatile memory with  But the electronics can  Available as  Flash  Insert these into a flash port of a camera, handheld PC, smartphone, etc.  Flash  A finger-sized module of flash memory  Plugs into the of most PCs and Macintoshes