1. 1 Chapter 17 Fitness Changes During Adolescence © Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C.. Understanding Motor Development. McGraw-Hill

2. 2 Key Concept Although Differences Exist Between Genders As Well As Within Genders on Measures of Health- related and Performance Related Fitness, Adolescent Males and Females Have the Potential to Make Significant Improvements Through Regular Participation in Physical Activity.

3. 3 Health-Related Fitness (Table 17.1) Components: (aerobic endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, joint flexibility, body composition) Assessment difficulties - sampling issues - reliability issues - validity (lab vs. field)

4. 4 Aerobic Endurance (Figures 17.1-3) Measures (Lab: max VO2; Field: 1mile jog) Females & males improve at near parallel rates Males faster than females at all ages Males show rapid yearly improvements until late adolescence Females improve at a less rapid rate than males Females plateau and regress from mid adolescence on

5. 5 Muscular Strength & Endurance (Figures 17.4-7) Measures (Lab: dynamometers, tensiometers; Field: modified sit- ups, abdominal crunch, push-ups, pull-ups, chin-ups) Females improve at less rapid rate than males Females tend to plateau during mid adolescence

6. 6 Muscular Strength & Endurance (cont.) Females average less than one pull-up throughout adolescence Males outperform females at all ages Males show slow gains prior to puberty, rapid gains after

7. 7 Joint Flexibility (Figure 17.8) Measures: (Lab: flexiometer; Field: sit-and-reach) Females outperform males at all ages Females make yearly incremental improvements until late adolescence Males regress during early adolescence followed by rapid improvement

8. 8 Body Composition (Figures 17.9 a & b) Measures (Lab: Under water weighing, electrical impedance; Field: BMI, Skinfold calipers) Females have higher % body fat than males at all ages Females % body fat increase rapidly during late childhood and early/mid adolescence with plateau in late adolescence (the female triad)

9. 9 Body Composition (cont.) Males increase in % body fat during late childhood and preadolescent period Males decrease in % body fat during early adolescence and maintain low fat levels throughout adolescence

10. 10 Performance-Related Fitness (Table 17.2) Components (speed, power, agility, balance, coordination) Genetically dependent Resistant to major environmental change Relatively stable Related to skillful sport performance

11. 11 Speed of Movement (Figure 17.11) Measures (Lab: Reaction time; Field: 50-100 meter dashes) Boys & Girls similar throughout childhood Males outperform females at all ages

12. 12 Speed of Movement (cont.) Males make more rapid improvement after puberty than females Males make significant annual gains throughout childhood and adolescence Females tend to plateau during mid-adolescence

13. 13 Balance Measures (Lab: Force Plate; Field: stick balance, one foot balances, beam walk) Static: Males/females make significant qualitative & quantitative gains throughout childhood and adolescence Dynamic: Females/males improve throughout childhood and adolescence Dynamic: Males make rapid improvements after puberty

14. 14 Balance (cont.) Static/Dynamic: Females tend to outperform males during childhood Static/Dynamic: Females & males are similar during adolescence with no clear advantage to either

15. 15 Muscular Power (Figures 17.12 – 14) Measures (Lab: Cybex, Kincom; Field: vertical jump, distance jump & throw) Boys & girls similar throughout childhood Males significantly outperform females during and after puberty Males make significant annual increments throughout adolescence Females begin to plateau during early adolescence & regress by mid-adolescence

16. 16 Concluding Concept A Variety Of Laboratory And Field Based Measures Have Been Devised That Attempt To Assess Elements Of Both Health-related And Performance-related Fitness