1. Stereotypes © 2013, John B. Pryor Illinois State University

2. List some characteristics you might think that these women would possess....... 1 2

3. List some characteristics you might think that these men would possess....... 2 3 1

4. Concepts of beauty vary from culture to culture Woman from Western Europe Zulu Woman Masai Woman - Kenya Indian Woman Thai Dancer

5. 20’s30’s 40’s50’s60’s 70’s 80’s 90’s MissAmericaacross the decades Concepts of beauty vary somewhat over history...

6. Miss America 2007 Your ideal? Miss America 2010

7. Miss America 2013 First Miss America of Indian descent

8. What facial features are found most attractive? Langolis, Roggman, & Musselman (1994) Evolutionary pressures favor human attributes close to the population Evolutionary pressures favor human attributes close to the population Cognitive processes favor prototypical category members Cognitive processes favor prototypical category members “Average-is-attractive” hypothesis “Average-is-attractive” hypothesis Computer average faces are judged as more attractive Computer average faces are judged as more attractive

9. What is beautiful is good!! Physically attractive people are perceived as more: sensitve, modest, poised, interesting, strong, sociable, kind, warm, socially adept, and sexually responsive

10. Beauty & Gender Stereotypes Handsome men are perceived as more masculine Beautiful women are perceived as more feminine

11. Method from Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid  Males & females isolated in separate rooms  Both fill out general information questionnaire – Photo is taken of male  Experimenter takes up questionnaires  attaches either attractive or unattractive photo of a female to her questionnaire  detaches male photo

12. Method from Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid  Experimenter exchanges male/female questionnaires  Male rates his expectations of female  Male & female interact over telephone  Male rates his impressions of female  Independent judges rate their impressions of the females without hearing what the male said

13. Female’s Interpretation How expectations influence behavior Male’s Expectation Male’s Behavior Male’s Interpretation Female’s Behavior after Darley & Fazio

14. Newborn infants are assumed to have more positive characteristics if they are attractive as opposed to unattractive Stability of the Attractiveness Stereotype over Lifespan

15. Newborns don’t show a preference, but one year olds react more favorably to attractive than unattractive adults

16. Stability of the Attractiveness Stereotype over Lifespan People assume that individuals 60-93 have more desirable personality traits if they are attractive People assume that individuals 60-93 have more desirable personality traits if they are attractive

17. Is there a down side to being physicaly attractive? Other people sometimes attribute an attractive person’s success to good looks Other people sometimes attribute an attractive person’s success to good looks Attractive women often are assumed to be vain & materialistic Attractive women often are assumed to be vain & materialistic Attractiveness is a plus for male politicians, but not female Attractiveness is a plus for male politicians, but not female

18. Describe yourself 1.Not at all independent Very independent 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 2.Not at all emotional Very emotional 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 3.Very passive Very active 0..........1..........2..........3..........4

19. 4. Not at all able Able to devote self to devote self to devote self completely to others to others 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 5. Very rough Very gentle 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 Describe yourself

20. 6. Not at all helpful Very helpful to others to others 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 7. Not at all competitive Very competitive 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 8.Not at all kind Very kind 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 Describe yourself

21. 9.Not at all aware of Very aware of feelings of others 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 10. Has difficulty Can make making decisions decisions easily 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 11. Gives up Never gives very easily up easily 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 Describe yourself

22. 12.Not at all Very self- self- confident confident 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 13. Feels very inferior Feels very superior 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 14. Not at all Very understanding of others of others 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 Describe yourself

23. 15. Very cold Very warm in relations in relations with others 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 16. Goes to pieces Stands up well under pressure under pressure 0..........1..........2..........3..........4 Describe yourself

24. Masculine Scale: Items 1,3,7,10,11,12,13,16 Feminine Scale: Items 2,4,5,6,8,9,14,15 MEDIANS MalesFemales Masculine Scale 2321 Feminine Scale 2225 Scoring the PAQ

25. Androgynous Traditional Feminine Traditional Masculine Undifferentiated Above Median for Masculine Below Median for Masculine Above Median for Feminine Above Median for Feminine Below Median for Feminine Below Median for Feminine

27. Androgyny: definition - having characteristics of both sexes Greek roots: andr --man gyne --woman

28. Bem’s Flexibility Hypothesis Androgynous females can act more independent if the situation calls for independence. Androgynous males can act more caring (nurturent) if the situation calls for nurturence

29. Which pair of strangers hits it off more? Androgynous Male & Androgynous Female Androgynous Male & Sex-typed Female Sex-typed Male & Androgynous Female Sex-typed Male & Sex-typed Female from Ickes & Layden

30. Experimental Design from Andersen & Bem